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Metabolic Disorders

Chronic Complications Of Diabetes Mellitus 1

Chronic Long-term Complications Of Diabetes Mellitus

CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS COMMON DISEASES DUE TO DM HYPERGLYCEMIA AND MICROVASCULAR DISEASE — Hyperglycemia is an important risk factor for the development of microvascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes, as it is in patients with type 1 diabetes. Chronic Long-term complications result in morbidity and mortality. Children and adolescents with type 2 [...]

Ophthalmologic Complications of DM (Diabetes Mellitus)

Chronic Long-Term Ophthalmologic Complications of DM (Diabetes Mellitus) Blindness – occurs due to progressive diabetic Retinopathy and macular oedema. Diabetic retinopathy may be non-proliferative and proliferative. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most important causes of visual loss worldwide, and is the principal cause of impaired vision in patients between 25 and 74 years [...]

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS) Acute Complication Of DM

HYPERGLYCEMIC HYPEROSMOLAR STATE (HHS) hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS, also known as nonketotic hyperglycemia) and Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) are of the most serious acute complications of diabetes. hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS, also called nonketotic hyperglycemia) In HHS, there is little or no ketoacid accumulation, the serum glucose concentration frequently exceeds 1000 mg/dL (56 mmol/L), the plasma [...]

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Acute Complications Of Diabetes Mellitus

ACUTE COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS (DKA) DKA is characterized by the triad of hyperglycemia, anion gap metabolic acidosis, and ketonemia. Metabolic acidosis is often the major finding. The serum glucose concentration is usually greater than 500 mg/dL (27.8 mmol/L) and less than 800 mg/dL (44.4 mmol/L) . However, serum glucose concentrations may exceed 900 mg/dL [...]

Metabolic,Insulin Resistance Syndrome X Causes Symptoms

INSULIN RESISTANCE SYNDROMES or Syndrome X Overview (metabolic syndrome)- consists of : Insulin resistance Hypertension Dyslipidemias Obesity – central Endothelial dysfunction Accelerated cardiovascular disease. The co-occurrence of metabolic risk factors for both type 2 diabetes and CVD (abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemias, and hypertension) suggested the existence of a “metabolic syndrome” . A similar profile can [...]

Some Facts about Glucocorticoid & Major side effects

Facts about Glucocorticoid & Hypermineralocorticoidism Major side effects Definition : [Gr. gleukos, sweet (new wine), + L. cortex, + Gr. eidos, form, shape] A general classification of adrenal cortical hormones that are primarily active in protecting against stress and in affecting protein and carbohydrate metabolism. The most important glucocorticoid is cortisol (hydrocortisone). Isolated glucocorticoid deficiency It [...]

LABORATORY TESTS FOR ADRENAL FUNCTIONS

LABORATORY TESTS FOR ADRENAL FUNCTION · Tests of pituitary adrenal responsiveness. · Suppression tests -are measurement of target hormone response after suppression of its tropic hormone. · Stimulation tests · Plasma ‘Levels of ACTH and angiotensin II. · Measurement of urinary free cortisol · Measurement of urinary creatinine · Measurement of plasma and urinary level [...]

Thyrotoxic crisis or Thyroid storm

Thyrotoxic crisis or thyroid storm It is a life-threatening hyperthyroidism with fever, seizures, coma, vomiting, diarrhoea, jaundice. A rare but often life-threatening medical emergency resulting from untreated hyperthyroidism Death can occur due to cardiac failure, arrhythmias, hyperthermia. Thyrotoxic crisis Symptoms include : – and fingernails may separate from the nail bed (Plummer’s nails). Cardiovascular findings [...]

Grave’s disease Causes and Treatment

Grave’s disease Grave’s disease is thyrotoxicosis, common in females, associated with high iodine intake, occurring between 20 – 50 years of age. Grave’s ophthalmopathy Besides the signs of thyrotoxicosis, there is Grave’s ophthalmopathy. decreased extraocular muscle mobility, and corneal injury, periorbital edema, periorbital and conjunctival inflammation, Ophthalmopathy associated with hyperthyroidism with the clinical characteristics of [...]

Hyperthyroidism or THYROTOXICOSIS Causes, Symptoms and Diagnosis

Thyrotoxicosis is a state of thyroid hormone excess. Hyperthyroidism is excessive thyroid function. Hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis defines a spectrum of clinical findings consistent with thyroid hormone excess. Causes of Thyrotoxicosis Primary hyperthyroidism · Grave’s disease · Toxic multinodular goitre · Toxic adenoma · Thyroid carcinoma · Iodine excess (Jod-Basedow phenomenon) · Subacute thyroiditis · Drugs [...]

Myxedema coma Diagnosis and Treatment

Myxedema coma This is a state of hypothyroidism with altered consciousness or coma, sometimes seizures. There may be hypothermia. It is common in the elderly, and precipitated by seda-’ tives, antidepressants, pneumonia, CHF, MI, cerebrovascular accidents. marked by neurological dysfunction, by respiratory depression, and by lowered body temperature, blood pressure, blood sugar, and serum sodium. [...]

HYPOTHYROIDISM Causes Diagnosis and Treatment

What is HYPOTHYROIDISM ? Hypothyroidism is a state of deficient function of the thyroid gland i.e. deficient secretion of thyroid hormones. In hypothyroidism normal thyroid hormone levels are maintained by a rise in TSH. This is called subclinical hypothyroidism. Later free T4 level falls and TSH levels rise further. This is the stage of clinical [...]

Thyroid Disorders Examination and Laboratory tests

Thyroid Disorders Thyroid gland produces 2 hormones – Thyroxine or T4 and Triiodothyronine or T3. Functions of the thyroid hormones are: · They help in cell differentiation · Maintain temperature and metabolism. Disorders of Thyroid are due to 1. Overproduction ofthyroid hormone – Thyrotoxicosis 2. Decreased production of thyroid hormone – Hypothyroidism 3. Thyroid -nodules [...]

Cushing’s Syndrome Symptoms Causes and Treatment

Cushing’s Syndrome Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Cushing’s disease is a hormone disorder caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood disease in which there is excess ACTH secretion, by pituitary adenomas. Cushing’s syndrome is the signs and symptoms that result from prolonged exposure to excessive glucocorticoid hormones. Cushing’s disease: Cushing’s syndrome hormone disorder [...]

ACTH and TSH DEFICIENCY Diagnosis with Treatment

ACTH DEFICIENCY ACTH SYNTHESIS — POMC also contains the sequences for other hormonal peptides, including the melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSHs) lipotropins (LPHs), and beta-endorphin (beta-END) ACTH is synthesized as part of a large precursor (241 amino acids in humans) called proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Adrenal insufficiency secondary to ACTH deficiency is due to : · glucocorticoid withdrawal after [...]

Growth and Development Disorders GHD Diagnosis Treatment

DISORDERS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Growth is dependent on GH, IGF, sex steroids, thyroid hormones, paracrine growth factors and cytokines. Growth also requires caloric energy, amino acids, vitamins and trace metals. Short stature results due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors which impair growth. Growth GHD Causes may be : Most common cause of GHD in children [...]

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