Diabetes insipidus (DI) Disorders of Neurohypophysis The neurohypophysis or posterior pituitary gland is made up of nerve tissues originating in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus. It produces 2 hormones: 1. AVP or arginine vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH). 2. Oxytocin AVP acts on renal tubules to absorb...
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What is HYPOTHYROIDISM ? Hypothyroidism is a state of deficient function of the thyroid gland i.e. deficient secretion of thyroid hormones. In hypothyroidism normal thyroid hormone levels are maintained by a rise in TSH. This is called subclinical hypothyroidism. Later free T4 level falls and TSH levels rise further. This...
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Myxedema coma This is a state of hypothyroidism with altered consciousness or coma, sometimes seizures. There may be hypothermia. It is common in the elderly, and precipitated by seda-‘ tives, antidepressants, pneumonia, CHF, MI, cerebrovascular accidents. marked by neurological dysfunction, by respiratory depression, and by lowered body temperature, blood pressure,...
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Thyrotoxicosis is a state of thyroid hormone excess. Hyperthyroidism is excessive thyroid function. Hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis defines a spectrum of clinical findings consistent with thyroid hormone excess. Causes of Thyrotoxicosis Primary hyperthyroidism · Grave’s disease · Toxic multinodular goitre · Toxic adenoma · Thyroid carcinoma · Iodine excess (Jod-Basedow phenomenon)...
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Porphyrias The porphyrias are inherited disorders. porphyrias are metabolic disorders caused by altered activities of enzymes within the heme biosynthetic pathway Acute intermittent porphyria: Pyrroloporphyria; neuropsychiatric–abdominal -Aminolevulinic aciduria; neuropsychiatric–abdominal Congenital erythropoietic porphyria: Günther disease; severe dermatologic Hereditary coproporphyria: Neuropsychiatric, occasionally dermatologic Other rare genetic variants reported Porphobilinogen synthetase deficiency: Porphyria...
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PRESENTATIONS OF HYPOPITUITARISM This depends on the hormones which are deficient. GH deficiency causes growth disorder and abnormal body structure. Gonadotrophin deficiency causes infertility, menstrual and sexual dysfunction and loss of secondary sexual characteristics in men. TSH and ACTH deficiency cause growth retardation, hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency. Mineralocorticoid action is retained....
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Chronic pancreatitis Diseases Symptoms Diagnosis and Treatment Chronic pancreatitis Pregentation · Abdominal pain · Steatorrhea. A form of pancreatitis that results from repeated or massive pancreatic injury, marked by the formation of scar tissue, which leads to malfunction of the pancreas Irreversible: Progressive destruction of the pancreas Results in both...
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Diagnosis Symptoms and Treatment Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology in which there is tissue damage by pathogenic antibodies. Multisystem autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by fluctuating, chronic course; varies from mild to severe and may be life-threatening...
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Rheumatoid Arthritis Causes Symptoms Diagnosis and Treatment Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic multisystem disease. There are systemic manifestations. There is persistent inflammatory synovitis. chronic systemic disease marked by inflammation of multiple synovial joints,Involves peripheral joints symmetrically. There is damage of cartilage and bone. Patients typically complain of joint...
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Diagnosis Systemic Sclerosis — Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis [SSc]) is a chronic disease of unknown cause characterized by diffuse fibrosis of skin and visceral organs and vascular abnormalities History Raynaud phenomenon is frequently the initial complaint. Skin thickening, “puffy hands,” and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are often noted early in the...
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