Bronchiectasis Signs and Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Bronchiectasis is an abnormal and permanent dilatation of bronchi. It may be focal or diffuse. Bronchiectasis is an irreversible dilation of one or more airways accompanied by recurrent transmural bronchial infection/inflammation and chronic mucopurulent sputum production. Generally classified into cystic fibrosis (CF) and noncystic...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is a disease state characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully.reversible. The airflow limitation is usually both progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious (toxic) particles or gases. The Global initiative for Chronic...
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DIAGNOSIS OF SECONDARY HYPERTENSION with Investigations nursing diagnosis for high blood pressure secondary hypertension differential diagnosis diagnosis high blood pressure Age of patients of secondary hypertension may be <25 or >50 years. Phaeochromoc toma and renovascular hypertensiof.l are t e likel causes. In phaeochromocytoma there is anxiety, headache, weight loss,...
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HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS Clinical features Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypersensitivity HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS (HP) It is also called extrinsic allergic alveolitisis an inflammatory disease of alveolar walls, and terminal airways caused by repeated exposure to organic agents in a susceptible person. It’s also called farmer’s lung, commonly due to the HP caused...
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Clinical features of Unstable Angina(UA) / NSTEMI — There is chest pain in the substernal lesion or epigastrium radiating to neck, left shoulder and left arm. There is severe discomfort or pain. Anginal equivalents like dyspnoea and epigastric discomfort are also frequently present. There is diaphoresis (increased sweating), pale skin,...
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Pulmonary Edema Causes Diagnosis with Treatment Edema is defined as a palpable swelling produced by expansion of the interstitial fluid volume. When the left ventricle is not able to eject all the blood effectively there is pulmonary congestion, systemic hypoperfusion, and exudation of fluid and blood elements into the alveoli;...
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Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) Complications Clinical features and Diagnosis The ductus normally closes at birth. When the ductus remains patent then a left-to-right shunt exists between the aorta to the pulmonary arery. The ductus is attached to the aorta just after he origin of the left subclavian artery. he ductus...
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MYOCARDITIS CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Diagnosis Signs and symptoms Myocarditis is a condition resulting from inflammation of the heart muscle. usually as a consequence of infections (e.g., viruses, Lyme disease, Lyme carditis ,rheumatic fever, trypanosomes, or toxoplasmosis) However, in contrast to adults, the majority of children with myocarditis present with acute or...
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PericardiaI Diseases Causes and Treatment — The heart is covered by two protective membranes Parietal pericardium – Fibrous outer membrane. Visceral pericardium – Serous inner membrane. The pericardium is a fibroelastic sac made up of visceral and parietal layers separated by a (potential) space, the pericardial cavity. The functions of...
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Cardiomyopathy Diagnosis Signs and Symptoms CARDIOMYOPATHY Causes Etiology Types Diagnosis of Cardiomyopathy with Treatment Cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathies are a group of diseases which involve the heart muscles and affect cardiac functions. Any disease that affects the heart muscle, diminishing cardiac performance There is primary involvement of heart muscles. There is no...
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