Acute Renal Failure (ARF) Acute renal failure due to intratubular crystal precipitation can be seen in a variety of clinical settings, the most common being acute uric acid nephropathy Acute renal failure (ARF) is defined as a sudden decrease of normal kidney function that compromises the normal renal regulation of...
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Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) OR CRD/CKD Chronic renal disease is a destruction of nephrons of the kidneys due to several causes. The damage to renal structure and function is irr versib This results in uremia which leads to dysfunction of several organs. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as kidney...
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Dialysis for Renal Failure Dialysis is a procedure for replacement of renal function to treat renal failure. Dialysis prolongs the life of ESRD (End Stage Renal Disease) patients. The leading causes of ESRD are diabetes mellitus, hypertension, glomerular nephritis, polycystic kidney disease and obstructive uropathy. patients with acute renal failure...
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Nephrotic Syndrome Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria > 3 to 3.5 g / 24 hrs., Associated with many types of kidney disease hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia, Iipiduria, and hypercoagulability. Nephrotic syndrome is a disease of glomerular basement membrane, . podocyte-slit diaphragm. A condition marked by increased glomerular permeability to...
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Management of COPD Assess and monitor the disease Prevention of risk factors Treatment of COPO Treatment of exacerbations Diagnosis of COPD is considered in any patient with Chronic central cyanosis occurs in advanced stages of COPD and may be aggravated by exertion. Examination reveals wheezing and hyperresonant lung fields. cough,...
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Interstitial Lung Diseases A large group of diseases with different causes but with the same or similar clinical and pathological changes. The interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are diseases of lung parenchyma/ alveoli/ alveolar epithelium/ capillary endothelium/ and the spaces between These structures/ perivascular and Imphatic tissues. These are due to...
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism Pulmonary thromboembolism means the embolization and lodgment of thombi in the pulmonary vasculature. Predisposing factors PE refers to obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by material (eg, thrombus, tumor, air, or fat ) that originated elsewhere in the body. Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is...
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Pneumothorax Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment with emergency what is pneumothorax pneumothorax is presence of air in pleural space. The gas enters as the result of a perforation through the chest wall (e.g., due to traumatic or iatrogenic injury) or the pleura (e.g., from the rupture of an emphysematous bleb or...
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Pleural Effusion pleural fluid Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment The pleural space lies between the lung and the chest wall between the 2 layers of pleura, the visceral and parietal pleura. Normally there is a thin layer of fluid in the pleural space. Pleural effusion is said to be present when...
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Mediastinal Diseases The mediastinum is the region between the two pleural sacs i.e. the central portion of thorax. It is separated into 3 compartments. Anterior mediastinum contains the thymus, lymph nodes, internal mammary arteries and veins. The anterior compartment (also referred to as the anterosuperior compartment or retrosternal space)...
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