Hypertension with Diabetes Hypertension with Pregnancy Early treatment of hypertension is particularly important in diabetic patients both to prevent cardiovascular disease and to minimize progression of renal disease and diabetic retinopathy The ADVANCE trial was designed to evaluate the effect of intensive blood pressure and glycemic control on cardiovascular disease. Risk...
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SECONDARY HYPERTENSION Secondary hypertension is the name given to the hypertension of which the cause is known, and can be corrected in many cases to cure the hypertension. Renal hypertension : This is due to either renal seretion of vasoactive compounds resulting in increased arteriolar tone or volume expansion due...
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Renin and Hypertension Low renin and High Renin essential hypertension Renin is enzyme secreted by juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney. Hypertensives can be low renin essential Hypertensives and high renin essential hypertensives. Low renin essential hypertension : 20% of patients of essential hypertension have low renin essential hypertension. When patients with...
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Risk factors for adverse prognosis in hypertension with Etiology Non-whites Youth (young) and Males Diastolic blood pressure consistently more than 115 mmHg Smoking and Alcoholism Diabetes mellitus Hypercholesterolemia Obesity End organ damage Cardiac enlargement ECG showing ischemia or LVH with strain pattern MI (myocardial infarction) 9< CHF (heart failure) Eyes –...
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Hypertension Hypertension is a serious disease which may be asymptomatic. According to JNC-7 normal blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg and a blood pressure equal to or more than 140 mmHg systolic and 90 mmHg diastolic is hypertension. Etiology is unknown in 90 – 95% cases. Greater than normal tension or...
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PRINZMETAL’S VARIANT ANGINA This is a syndrome of ischemic pain at rest and with ECG showing transient ST elevation. This sydrome is caused by spasm of coronary artery leading to severe ischemia. It may occur in patients who may not have any coronary artery stenosis. It is a kind of...
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Pulmonary Edema Causes Diagnosis with Treatment Edema is defined as a palpable swelling produced by expansion of the interstitial fluid volume. When the left ventricle is not able to eject all the blood effectively there is pulmonary congestion, systemic hypoperfusion, and exudation of fluid and blood elements into the alveoli;...
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Dyslipidemia in diabetes Signs Management with Drugs for diabetic dyslipidemics Dyslipidemia in diabetes Hypertriglyceridemia Reduced HDL cholesterol Small dense LDL particles: Highly atherogenic Easily glycated Susceptible to oxidation. Management of Dyslipidemia in diabetes · Lipids should be aggressively treated · Hyperglycemia should be strictly managed Grave cardiovascular risk in dyslipidemic...
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Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) CLINICAL FEATURES General examination with Treatment There is a shunt from LV to RV due to a defect in the interventricular septum. VSD also occurs in combination with other congenital heart defects, as in an atrioventricular canal (AVC),transposition of the great arteries (D-TGA),tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)...
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Sinus venosus defect AII the features are same as ostium secundum except that P waves are inverted in inferior leads, and right hilum in chest X-ray shows dilatation of lower portion of superior vena cava where it joins the right atrium. In the adult, it is incorporated into the wall...
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