Mechanical Ventilatory Support Ventilators are special pumps to support ventilatory function of the respiratory system and improve oxygenation by providing high oxygen and positive pressure. Indications Hypoxaemic respiratory failure : arterial oxygen saturation (Sa02) less than 90% inspite of inspired oxygen fraction FI02 > 0.6. Causes Pneumonia Pulmonary edema ARDS,...
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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ARDS There is lung injury manifested as increased permeability of alveolar capillary membrane, diffuse alveolar damage, proteinaceous pulmonary edema. Age: ARDS or Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome may occur in children or adults. Syndrome characterized by abrupt onset of diffuse lung injury with severe hypoxemia and bilateral...
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Respiratory Failure Respiratory failure is defined as inadequate gas exchange due to malfunction of one or more components of the respiratory system. Respiratory failure means: Hypoxaemia – P02 <60 mmHg, or y Hypercarbia – PC02 >45 mmHg. So, respiratory failure may be hypoxaemic, hypercarbic or combined. Hypoxemic respiratory failure is...
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Disorders of Ventilation ALVEOLAR HYPOVENTILATION When there is alveolar hypoventilation, arterial PC02 increases above the range of 37 – 43 mmHg. PaC02 may be 50 – 80 mmHg. The respiratory system is dependent upon a complex system of ventilatory control to ensure appropriate and adequate ventilation in order to supply...
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Mediastinal Diseases The mediastinum is the region between the two pleural sacs i.e. the central portion of thorax. It is separated into 3 compartments. Anterior mediastinum contains the thymus, lymph nodes, internal mammary arteries and veins. The anterior compartment (also referred to as the anterosuperior compartment or retrosternal space)...
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Pleural Effusion pleural fluid Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment The pleural space lies between the lung and the chest wall between the 2 layers of pleura, the visceral and parietal pleura. Normally there is a thin layer of fluid in the pleural space. Pleural effusion is said to be present when...
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Pneumothorax Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment with emergency what is pneumothorax pneumothorax is presence of air in pleural space. The gas enters as the result of a perforation through the chest wall (e.g., due to traumatic or iatrogenic injury) or the pleura (e.g., from the rupture of an emphysematous bleb or...
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Interstitial Lung Diseases A large group of diseases with different causes but with the same or similar clinical and pathological changes. The interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are diseases of lung parenchyma/ alveoli/ alveolar epithelium/ capillary endothelium/ and the spaces between These structures/ perivascular and Imphatic tissues. These are due to...
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Management of COPD Assess and monitor the disease Prevention of risk factors Treatment of COPO Treatment of exacerbations Diagnosis of COPD is considered in any patient with Chronic central cyanosis occurs in advanced stages of COPD and may be aggravated by exertion. Examination reveals wheezing and hyperresonant lung fields. cough,...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is a disease state characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully.reversible. The airflow limitation is usually both progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious (toxic) particles or gases. The Global initiative for Chronic...
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