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Some Facts about Glucocorticoid & Major side effects

Facts about Glucocorticoid & Hypermineralocorticoidism Major side effects Definition : [Gr. gleukos, sweet (new wine), + L. cortex, + Gr. eidos, form, shape] A general classification of adrenal cortical hormones that are primarily active in protecting against stress and in affecting protein and carbohydrate metabolism. The most important glucocorticoid is cortisol (hydrocortisone). Isolated glucocorticoid deficiency It [...]

Aldosteronism Clinical features Causes and Treatment

Aldosteronism Clinical features Causes and Treatment definition Aldosteronism is a syndrome with hypersecretion of mineralocorticoid aldosterone. Primary aldosteronism is excessive aldosterone production due to disease of adrenal glands. It is also called nodular hyperplasia or idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. Nonsuppressible (primary) hypersecretion of aldosterone is a underdiagnosed cause of hypertension. There is hypokalemia, diastolic hypertension, extra [...]

Diabetes Insipidus (DI) Causes Diagnosis and Treatment

Diabetes insipidus (DI) Disorders of Neurohypophysis The neurohypophysis or posterior pituitary gland is made up of nerve tissues originating in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus. It produces 2 hormones: 1. AVP or arginine vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH). 2. Oxytocin AVP acts on renal tubules to absorb the water back into the [...]

Disease of Joints and Musculoskeletal Disorders OSTEOARTHRITIS and GOUT

Disease of Joints and Musculoskeletal Disorders OSTEOARIRITIS Also called degenerative joint disease. Hip osteoarthritis is more common in men and small joints and knee OA is more common in women. There is damage to cartilage, remodeling and hypertrophy of bone. There is bone and muscle wasting. OSTEOARIRITIS Clinical Features · There is deep pain in [...]

Poisoning And Antidotes In Children

Poisoning And Antidotes In Children some useful important poisioning in children , and antidotes of them, 1. Amphetamines Poisoning (Toxic dose 50mg) Chlorpromazine 1mg/kg I.M. or IV. Treatment should be started if ingestion is >2mg 2. Anticholinergics Poisoning Give physostigmine 0.02mg/kg/dose, (eg. Atropine, belladonna) upto max. 2mg LV., S.C. or I.M. till desired effect [...]

Diarrhea Causes Diagnosis Symptoms Treatment

Diarrhea Causes Diagnosis Symptoms Treatment Diarrhea Diarrhea is passage of abnormally liquid or unformed stools at an increased frequency. The following definitions have been suggested according to the duration of diarrhea Acute — ≤ 14 days in duration Persistent diarrhea — more than 14 days in duration Chronic — more than 30 days in duration [...]

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) and Pyelonephritis Clinical Presentations Treatment

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) and Pyelonephritis Urinary Tract infections may be : 1. Lower tract infection – Urethritis and cystitis 2. Upper tract infection – Acute pyelonephritis, prostatitis, intrarenal and perinephric abscesses. Acute pyelonephritis is a syndrome caused by an infection of the renal parenchyma and renal pelvis, often producing localized flank or back pain combined [...]

Vascular Diseases of the Kidney Management Treatment

Vascular Diseases of the Kidney Regular and appropriate blood supply to the glomerular capillary network is essential for the proper function of the kidneys. If the blood supply to the kidney is hampered, there is fluid and salt disturbance in the body. Vascular diseases of the kidney are: 1. Atherosclerosis 2. Hypertensive disease 3. Embolic [...]

Tubulointerstitial Diseases of the Kidney Causes Treatment

Tubulointerstitial Diseases of the Kidney Primary tubulointerstitial diseases of the kidneyare characterized by abnormalities of structure and function of tubules and the interstitium. The glomeruli and renal vasculature are involved to a Jesser extent. The biopsy specimens and the urine sediments do not help in diagnosis. Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is most often induced by [...]

Tubular Diseases of the Kidney Types Clinical Features Diagnosis with Treatment

Tubular Diseases of the Kidney The tubular diseases of the kidney have various presentations. POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease This is a relatively common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The kidneys are enlarged with multiple cysts. The cysts contain straw-colored or hemorrhagic fluid. The cysts are spherical and may be even [...]

Glomerular Diseases Causes Clinical Presentation Symptoms Etiology Treatment

Glomerular Diseases The glomerulus is a modified capillary network which delivers an ultrafiltrate to Bowman’s space. The Bowman space continues as the renal tubule. The glpmerular filtration rate or GFR is dependent on glomerular blood flow and ultrafiltration pressure and filtration surface i.e. mesangial cells. Glomerulonephritis or glomerulopathy means glomerular injury with inflammation and antibody [...]

Nephrotic Syndrome Symptoms Causes Treatment of Nephrotic Syndrome

Nephrotic Syndrome Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria > 3 to 3.5 g / 24 hrs., Associated with many types of kidney disease hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia, Iipiduria, and hypercoagulability. Nephrotic syndrome is a disease of glomerular basement membrane, . podocyte-slit diaphragm. A condition marked by increased glomerular permeability to proteins, resulting in massive loss [...]

Dialysis Indications Complications and Dialysis for Renal Failure

Dialysis for Renal Failure Dialysis is a procedure for replacement of renal function to treat renal failure. Dialysis prolongs the life of ESRD (End Stage Renal Disease) patients. The leading causes of ESRD are diabetes mellitus, hypertension, glomerular nephritis, polycystic kidney disease and obstructive uropathy. patients with acute renal failure or acute kidney injury (AKI) [...]

Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) Risk factors Causes Stage CRF Treatment

Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) OR CRD/CKD Chronic renal disease is a destruction of nephrons of the kidneys due to several causes. The damage to renal structure and function is irr versib This results in uremia which leads to dysfunction of several organs. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as kidney damage or glomerular filtration rate [...]

Acute Renal Failure (ARF) Causes Clinical Features TREATMENT of ARF

Acute Renal Failure (ARF) Acute renal failure due to intratubular crystal precipitation can be seen in a variety of clinical settings, the most common being acute uric acid nephropathy Acute renal failure (ARF) is defined as a sudden decrease of normal kidney function that compromises the normal renal regulation of fluid, electrolyte, and acid–base homeostasis. [...]

Sepsis (Septic Shock) Prognosis Prevention TREATMENT

Sepsis (Septic Shock) Prognosis Prevention TREATMENT TREATMENT Sepsis (Septic Shock) Admit in ICU Treat local site of infection Monitor hemodynamics. Sepsis is a clinical syndrome characterized by systemic inflammation due to infection. There is a continuum of severity ranging from sepsis to severe sepsis and septic shock. Antimicrobial therapy in Sepsis (Septic Shock) Ceftriaxone 2gjday [...]

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