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Pituitary

Grave’s disease Causes and Treatment

Grave’s disease Grave’s disease is thyrotoxicosis, common in females, associated with high iodine intake, occurring between 20 – 50 years of age. Grave’s ophthalmopathy Besides the signs of thyrotoxicosis, there is Grave’s ophthalmopathy. decreased extraocular muscle mobility, and corneal injury, periorbital edema, periorbital and conjunctival inflammation, Ophthalmopathy associated with hyperthyroidism with the clinical characteristics of [...]

Hyperthyroidism or THYROTOXICOSIS Causes, Symptoms and Diagnosis

Thyrotoxicosis is a state of thyroid hormone excess. Hyperthyroidism is excessive thyroid function. Hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis defines a spectrum of clinical findings consistent with thyroid hormone excess. Causes of Thyrotoxicosis Primary hyperthyroidism · Grave’s disease · Toxic multinodular goitre · Toxic adenoma · Thyroid carcinoma · Iodine excess (Jod-Basedow phenomenon) · Subacute thyroiditis · Drugs [...]

Myxedema coma Diagnosis and Treatment

Myxedema coma This is a state of hypothyroidism with altered consciousness or coma, sometimes seizures. There may be hypothermia. It is common in the elderly, and precipitated by seda-’ tives, antidepressants, pneumonia, CHF, MI, cerebrovascular accidents. marked by neurological dysfunction, by respiratory depression, and by lowered body temperature, blood pressure, blood sugar, and serum sodium. [...]

SIADH or Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (AVP)

SIADH or Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (AVP) There is excessive secretion of AVP resulting in passage of decreased volume of highly concentrated urine. There is water retention and decrease in plasma sodium and plasma osmolarity. It is called dilutional hyponatraemia. It may be asymptomatic or there may be headache, confusion, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, coma and [...]

Diabetes Insipidus (DI) Causes Diagnosis and Treatment

Diabetes insipidus (DI) Disorders of Neurohypophysis The neurohypophysis or posterior pituitary gland is made up of nerve tissues originating in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus. It produces 2 hormones: 1. AVP or arginine vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH). 2. Oxytocin AVP acts on renal tubules to absorb the water back into the [...]

Cushing’s Syndrome Symptoms Causes and Treatment

Cushing’s Syndrome Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Cushing’s disease is a hormone disorder caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood disease in which there is excess ACTH secretion, by pituitary adenomas. Cushing’s syndrome is the signs and symptoms that result from prolonged exposure to excessive glucocorticoid hormones. Cushing’s disease: Cushing’s syndrome hormone disorder [...]

ACTH and TSH DEFICIENCY Diagnosis with Treatment

ACTH DEFICIENCY ACTH SYNTHESIS — POMC also contains the sequences for other hormonal peptides, including the melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSHs) lipotropins (LPHs), and beta-endorphin (beta-END) ACTH is synthesized as part of a large precursor (241 amino acids in humans) called proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Adrenal insufficiency secondary to ACTH deficiency is due to : · glucocorticoid withdrawal after [...]

Growth and Development Disorders GHD Diagnosis Treatment

DISORDERS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Growth is dependent on GH, IGF, sex steroids, thyroid hormones, paracrine growth factors and cytokines. Growth also requires caloric energy, amino acids, vitamins and trace metals. Short stature results due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors which impair growth. Growth GHD Causes may be : Most common cause of GHD in children [...]

Hypothalamic, Pituitary And Other Sellar Masses

HYPOTHALAMIC, PITUITARY AND OTHER SELLAR MASSES Pituitary tumors , Pituitary adenomas : Commonest tumors are pituitary adenomas. These are benign and their features depend on the cell type from which they occur. They may arise from PRL, GH, ACTH, TSH, LH and FSH producing cells r;esulting in features of hypersecretion of the hormones. There is autonomous [...]

Hypopituitarism Diagnosis and Treatment

PRESENTATIONS OF HYPOPITUITARISM This depends on the hormones which are deficient. GH deficiency causes growth disorder and abnormal body structure. Gonadotrophin deficiency causes infertility, menstrual and sexual dysfunction and loss of secondary sexual characteristics in men. TSH and ACTH deficiency cause growth retardation, hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency. Mineralocorticoid action is retained. PRL(prolactin) deficiency causes failure of [...]

Anterior Pituitary Hormones and Disorders

Disorders of Anterior PituitaryHormones The anterior pituitary is called the master gland be , it regulates the function of most other endocrine organs. The anterior pituitary gla’nd produces 6 major hormones. 1, Prolactin (PRL) 2. Growth hormone (GH) 3. Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) 4. Luteinizing hormone (LH) 5. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 6. Thyroid stimulating hormone [...]