HYPOTHALAMIC, PITUITARY AND OTHER SELLAR MASSES Pituitary tumors , Pituitary adenomas : Commonest tumors are pituitary adenomas. These are benign and their features depend on the cell type from which they occur. They may arise from PRL, GH, ACTH, TSH, LH and FSH producing cells r;esulting in features of hypersecretion of...
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Alcoholic Cirrhosis Clinical features Physical findings Treatment ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS This results from chronic alcohol ingestion and may follow alcoholic fatty liver and alcoholic hepatitis. It is also called Laennec‘s cirrhosis, and micronodular cirrhosis. Chronic hepatitis C infection worsens alcoholic hepatitis leading to alcoholic cirrhosis. Alcoholic Cirrhosis Clinical features · It...
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How to Approach Patient of Liver Disease Approach Patient of Liver Disease Liver is the largest organ of the body weighing about 1 Kg. It is present in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen under the right lower rib cage and projects into the left upper quadrant. 20% of...
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Symptoms Treatment Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBs) is a gastrointestinal disorder without any structural pathology, characterized by pain in abdomen, and constipation and diarrhea. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a gastrointestinal syndrome characterized by chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel habits in the...
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Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Inflammatory Bowel Disease (I BD) is an idiopathic and chronic intestinal inflammation. It is of 2 major types : Ulcerative colitis UC) Crohn’s diseas (C.D) The factors associated with increased incidence of IBD are smoking, oral contraceptive, family history, genetic predisposition, hypogammaglobulinaemia, emotional stress. The term for...
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Glomerular Diseases The glomerulus is a modified capillary network which delivers an ultrafiltrate to Bowman’s space. The Bowman space continues as the renal tubule. The glpmerular filtration rate or GFR is dependent on glomerular blood flow and ultrafiltration pressure and filtration surface i.e. mesangial cells. Glomerulonephritis or glomerulopathy means glomerular...
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Tubulointerstitial Diseases of the Kidney Primary tubulointerstitial diseases of the kidneyare characterized by abnormalities of structure and function of tubules and the interstitium. The glomeruli and renal vasculature are involved to a Jesser extent. The biopsy specimens and the urine sediments do not help in diagnosis. Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)...
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Vascular Diseases of the Kidney Regular and appropriate blood supply to the glomerular capillary network is essential for the proper function of the kidneys. If the blood supply to the kidney is hampered, there is fluid and salt disturbance in the body. Vascular diseases of the kidney are: 1. Atherosclerosis...
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Sepsis (Septic Shock) CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS There is some primary infection or disease. Mild sepsis chan,ges to severe, and to septic shock. Patient may be hormo, hypo or hyper thermic i.e. fever normal, low or high Fever is absent in neonates, elderly, alcoholics and in uremia. Hyperventilation is early sign. Then...
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Acute Renal Failure (ARF) Acute renal failure due to intratubular crystal precipitation can be seen in a variety of clinical settings, the most common being acute uric acid nephropathy Acute renal failure (ARF) is defined as a sudden decrease of normal kidney function that compromises the normal renal regulation of...
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