Interstitial Lung Diseases A large group of diseases with different causes but with the same or similar clinical and pathological changes. The interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are diseases of lung parenchyma/ alveoli/ alveolar epithelium/ capillary endothelium/ and the spaces between These structures/ perivascular and Imphatic tissues. These are due to...
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism Pulmonary thromboembolism means the embolization and lodgment of thombi in the pulmonary vasculature. Predisposing factors PE refers to obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by material (eg, thrombus, tumor, air, or fat ) that originated elsewhere in the body. Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is...
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Mediastinal Diseases The mediastinum is the region between the two pleural sacs i.e. the central portion of thorax. It is separated into 3 compartments. Anterior mediastinum contains the thymus, lymph nodes, internal mammary arteries and veins. The anterior compartment (also referred to as the anterosuperior compartment or retrosternal space)...
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PULMONARY INFILTRATES WITH EOSINOPHILIA Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis called eosinophilic pneumonias Characterized by eosinophilic infiltrates in lungs and Increased eosinophilic count in peripheral blood. Characterized by eosinophilic lung infiltrates, with or without peripheral blood eosinophilia Chronic or prolonged pulmonary eosinophilia Churg-Strauss syndrome (polyarteritis nodosa) or allergic angiitis: A rare necrotizing small-vessel vasculitis...
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HYPEREOSINOPHILIC SYNDROME Differential History ,Diagnosis ,Pathophysiology ,Treatment Of HYPEREOSINOPHILIC SYNDROME A persistently elevated eosinophil count >1,500 cells/µL for at least 6 months Eosinophil-induced end-organ damage Exclusion of other causes (e.g., parasitic infection, allergy, malignancy, collagen-vascular disease) Almost any organ can be affected, but most patients have bone marrow, cardiac,...
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COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA community-acquired pneumonia: Pneumonia occurring in outpatients, often caused by infection with streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and atypical organisms. Mortality is approximately 15% but depends on many host and pathogen features History COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA Cough, fever, dyspnea, chills Chest pain (pleuritic or nonpleuritic) Thick, yellow-green, bloody...
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Treatment of Pneumonia ,INDICATIONS FOR HOSPITALIZATION in Pneumonia ,Resistant Pneumonia defined as an acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma in a patient who has acquired the infection in the community, as distinguished from hospital-acquired (nosocomial) pneumonia, No comorbidities or recent antibiotic use and Comorbidities or recent antibiotic use Treatment according...
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COMPLICATIONS / EFFECTS OF HYPERTENSI ON Heart The effects on the heart are Concentric LVH LV dilatation Heart failure Coronary atherosclerosis – angina and MI. Physical examination of the heart reveals: Cardiomegaly LVH s3 present Swmmation gallop. A2 loud Murmur of AR 54 present ECG LVH Changes of IHD...
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Endocrine Hypertension adrenal Hypertension primary hyperaldosteronism there is sodium retention ion with loss of potassium. So there is natremia and hypokalemia with hypertension. diagnosis is by serum K+ level estimation. hyperaldosteronism may be due to a tumor Iateral adrenal hyperplasia. The tumor may be removed and the hypertension curable. diseasese...
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CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE Coarctation of the Aorta Clinical features coarctation of aorta means a narrowing of the aorta just distal to left subclavian artery, proximal (preductal) or distal (post ductal) to insertion of ductus arteriosus. A narrowing (discrete or of varying lengths) of the aorta at any point but usually...
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