Trypanosomiasis Chagas’ disease Causes Diagnosis TREATMENT with Signs and Symptoms

Trypanosomiasis Chagas‘ disease CausesPolycythemia Vera My­elofibrosis Thrombocytosis Cause Diagnosis Treatment. Read more ... » DiagnosisPolycythemia Vera My­elofibrosis Thrombocytosis Cause Diagnosis Treatment. Read more ... » TREATMENTPolycythemia Vera My­elofibrosis Thrombocytosis Cause Diagnosis Treatment. Read more ... » with SignsPolycythemia Vera My­elofibrosis Thrombocytosis Cause Diagnosis Treatment. Read more ... » and SymptomsPolycythemia Vera My­elofibrosis Thrombocytosis Cause Diagnosis Treatment. Read more ... »

African trypanosomiasis – African sleeping sicknessSLEEPING SICKNESS OR HUMAN AFRICAN TRY­PANOSOMIASIS (HAT). Read more ... », caused by Trypanosoma gambiense, and

American trypanosomiasis –A diseasePolycythemia Vera My­elofibrosis Thrombocytosis Cause Diagnosis Treatment. Read more ... » caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by the biting reduviid bug.

• The protozoan Trypanosoma is the cause of Chagas’ disease and sleeping sickness.
• American trypanosomiasis or Chagas‘ disease is caused by T. cruzi.
• Human African Trypanosomiasis or Sleeping Sick­ness is caused by T. brucei gambiense and T. brucei rhodesiense.

Trypanosomiasis Chagas‘ disease Causes Diagnosis

CHAGAS’ DISEASE Trypanosomiasis

• Occurs in Americans. It caused by T. cruzi. A mild illness with feverThyrotoxic crisis or Thyroid storm. Read more ... » occurs and subsides.
• Later in life, cardiacExamination of the Cardiovascular System. Read more ... » and gastrointestinal lesions de­velop and can even result in death.
• The typical feature of Chagas’ disease is that the acutePolycythemia Vera My­elofibrosis Thrombocytosis Cause Diagnosis Treatment. Read more ... » illness subsides spontaneously and then may recur after an indefinite period.

Trypanosomiasis Chagas‘ disease Causative insect reduviid bugs fly

Life cycle Trypanosomiasis

• Insects called reduviid bugs become infected by suck­ing blood from a human.
• The parasite multiplies, and is discharged with the feces of the insect, which can then contaminate skin, mucus membrane, and con­junctiva of a person.
• The parasite then enters through a break in the skin, mucus membrane and again mul­tiplies.

Trypanosomiasis Chagas’ disease life cycle

Pathology of Trypanosomiasis

• A chagoma is formed at the site of entry of the para­site. There is inflammation at the site.
• The organism disseminates via blood vessels and lym­phatics and multiplies to form pseudocysts.
• The heartExamination of the Cardiovascular System. Read more ... » is affected, with destruction of heart valves and involvement of conduction systemPolycythemia Vera My­elofibrosis Thrombocytosis Cause Diagnosis Treatment. Read more ... ».
• The GITAmoebiasis infection Diagnosis Treatment protozoan Entamoeba histolytica Symptoms and Causes. Read more ... » is involved and there may be megacolon, involvement of the oesophagus and other parts of GIT.

Trypanosomiasis Chagas’ disease Pathology

ClinicalPolycythemia Vera My­elofibrosis Thrombocytosis Cause Diagnosis Treatment. Read more ... » features of  Trypanosomiasis

• · At first there is acute Chagas’ disease which sub­sides and many years later chronicChronic Hepatitis Classification viral hepatitis Clinical features and Treatment. Read more ... » Chagas’ dis­ease appears.
• After one week of invasion by parasites, acute Chagas’ disease develops.
• · At the site of entry, there is erythema, swelling (Chagoma), and local lymphadenopathy.
• · Romana‘s sign is classic finding of Chagas’ dis­ease – there is unilateral painless edema around the eyes and is seen in conjunctival trypanoso­miasis.
• There is malaise, fever, anorexia, edema over face and limbs. Rashes may also appear.
• · Generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly may occur.
• · Involvement of heart - MyocarditisMYOCARDITIS Physical Examination Symptoms Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis. Read more ... », heart fail­ure, conduction defects are seen.
• · In chronic Chagas’ disease there is dilated car­diomyopathy, arrhythmiasCOMPLICATIONS OF Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) AND TREATMENT -2. Read more ... » like ventricular ectopics, thromboembolismCOMPLICATIONS OF Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) AND TREATMENT -2. Read more ... », RBBB(right bundle branch block), AV block(atiroventricular heart block) heart failureHeart Failure Causes Symptoms NYHA classification with Heart Failure Treatment. Read more ... ».
• · Embolization from a mural thrombus in the heart, may occur.
• · Neurologic involvement - meningoencephalitis may occur.
• · GIT involvement - Dysphagia, odynophagia, chest painApproach to Chest Pain Differential diagnosis of chest pain. Read more ... », regurgitation, aspiration due to se­vere oesophageal dysfunction and aspiration pneumonitis, can occur.
• · There is weight loss, cachexia(wasting)
• · Death may occur due to septicemia, pulmonary infection, arrhythmias.

Diagnosis of Trypanosomiasis

• · Fresh blood or buffy coat may show motile para­sites in thin and thick smears. Acridine orange or Giemsa stain can be used.
• · PCR or hemoculture can be performed to diag­nose Chagas’ disease.
• · Chronic Chagas’ disease is diagnosed by detec­tion of specific antibodies for T cruzi.
• · Radiolabelled T cruzi antigens and electrophore­sis are also used for diagnosis.

Trypanosomiasis Treatment

• Two drugs are available to treat Chagas’ disease. Nifurtimox and Benznidazole.
• They are very toxic and can cause nauseaNausea and Vomiting. Read more ... », vom­iting, restlessness, seizures, polyneuritis.
• Dose of Nifurtimox is 10 mg/kg in 4 divided doses for 120 days.
• Cardiac transplantation is the only treatment for end-stage cardiomyopathyCardiomyopathy Clinical features Etiology Diagnosis Dilated Hypertrophic Restrictive cardiomyopathy with Treatment. Read more ... ».