Disease of Joints and Musculoskeletal Disorders OSTEOARIRITIS Also called degenerative joint disease. Hip osteoarthritis is more common in men and small joints and knee OA is more common in women. There is damage to cartilage, remodeling and hypertrophy of bone. There is bone and muscle wasting. OSTEOARIRITIS Clinical Features ·...
Read more
Poisoning And Antidotes In Children some useful important poisioning in children , and antidotes of them, 1. Amphetamines Poisoning (Toxic dose 50mg) Chlorpromazine 1mg/kg I.M. or IV. Treatment should be started if ingestion is >2mg 2. Anticholinergics Poisoning Give physostigmine 0.02mg/kg/dose, (eg. Atropine, belladonna) upto max. 2mg LV., S.C....
Read more
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) and Pyelonephritis Urinary Tract infections may be : 1. Lower tract infection – Urethritis and cystitis 2. Upper tract infection – Acute pyelonephritis, prostatitis, intrarenal and perinephric abscesses. Acute pyelonephritis is a syndrome caused by an infection of the renal parenchyma and renal pelvis, often producing localized...
Read more
Vascular Diseases of the Kidney Regular and appropriate blood supply to the glomerular capillary network is essential for the proper function of the kidneys. If the blood supply to the kidney is hampered, there is fluid and salt disturbance in the body. Vascular diseases of the kidney are: 1. Atherosclerosis...
Read more
Tubulointerstitial Diseases of the Kidney Primary tubulointerstitial diseases of the kidneyare characterized by abnormalities of structure and function of tubules and the interstitium. The glomeruli and renal vasculature are involved to a Jesser extent. The biopsy specimens and the urine sediments do not help in diagnosis. Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)...
Read more
Tubular Diseases of the Kidney The tubular diseases of the kidney have various presentations. POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease This is a relatively common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The kidneys are enlarged with multiple cysts. The cysts contain straw-colored or hemorrhagic fluid. The cysts are...
Read more
Sepsis & Septic Shock Sepsis is a clinical syndrome characterized by systemic inflammation due to infection. Whenever there is infection there is a reaction from host involving various responses. Systemic responses to infection: · Fever · Hypothermia · Tachypnea · Tachycardia. Sepsis DEFINITIONS There is a continuum of severity ranging...
Read more
Nephrotic Syndrome Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria > 3 to 3.5 g / 24 hrs., Associated with many types of kidney disease hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia, Iipiduria, and hypercoagulability. Nephrotic syndrome is a disease of glomerular basement membrane, . podocyte-slit diaphragm. A condition marked by increased glomerular permeability to...
Read more
Dialysis for Renal Failure Dialysis is a procedure for replacement of renal function to treat renal failure. Dialysis prolongs the life of ESRD (End Stage Renal Disease) patients. The leading causes of ESRD are diabetes mellitus, hypertension, glomerular nephritis, polycystic kidney disease and obstructive uropathy. patients with acute renal failure...
Read more
Shock Shock is a clinical syndrome due to inadequate tissue perfusion. A clinical syndrome marked by inadequate perfusion and oxygenation of cells, tissues, and organs, usually as a result of marginal or markedly lowered blood pressure. Shock is the physiologic state characterized by significant reduction of systemic tissue perfusion, resulting...
Read more