Thyroid Disorders Thyroid gland produces 2 hormones – Thyroxine or T4 and Triiodothyronine or T3. Functions of the thyroid hormones are: · They help in cell differentiation · Maintain temperature and metabolism. Disorders of Thyroid are due to 1. Overproduction ofthyroid hormone – Thyrotoxicosis 2. Decreased production of thyroid hormone...
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PRESENTATIONS OF HYPOPITUITARISM This depends on the hormones which are deficient. GH deficiency causes growth disorder and abnormal body structure. Gonadotrophin deficiency causes infertility, menstrual and sexual dysfunction and loss of secondary sexual characteristics in men. TSH and ACTH deficiency cause growth retardation, hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency. Mineralocorticoid action is retained....
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Disease of Joints and Musculoskeletal Disorders OSTEOARIRITIS Also called degenerative joint disease. Hip osteoarthritis is more common in men and small joints and knee OA is more common in women. There is damage to cartilage, remodeling and hypertrophy of bone. There is bone and muscle wasting. OSTEOARIRITIS Clinical Features ·...
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Sarcoidosis It is a chronic, multisystem disorder of unknown cause. chronic multisystem disease of unknown etiology, characterized by noncaseating (hard) granulomas and lymphocytic alveol, Sarcoidosis is a noninfectious, multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown cause, commonly affecting young and middle-aged adults. Almost any other organ may be involved, including liver, spleen,...
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Diagnosis Symptoms and Treatment Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology in which there is tissue damage by pathogenic antibodies. Multisystem autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by fluctuating, chronic course; varies from mild to severe and may be life-threatening...
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Pancreatitis (inflammatory disease of pancreas) Signs and Symptoms Diagnostic Tests Pancreatic Diseases Pancreatitis is inflammatory disease of pancreas Various presentations of Pancreatitis : · Hypertriglyceridemia · Vitamin B12 malsorption · Hypercalcemia · Hypocalcemia · Hyperglycemia · Ascites · Pleural effusion · Chronic abdominal pain. Pancreatitis Prognosis: Several techniques are used to...
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VARICEAL BLEEDING Clinical features Diagnosis and Treatment VARICEAL BLEEDING It results from portal systemic venous collaterals when portal hypertension is more than 12 mmHg. Clinical features,: There is painless hematemesis, tachycardia and even shock. VARICEAL BLEEDING Differential diagnosis : Peptic ulcer and gastritis. Endoscopy is done for proper diagnosis. Variceal...
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Portal Hypertension Clinical Features Symptoms Diagnosis and Treatment Portal Hypertension Normal pressure in portal vein is 5-10 mmHg. Vascular resistance in hepatic sinusoids is low. Increased pressure in the portal vein caused by an obstruction of the flow of blood through the liver. Portal hypertension is found in diseases such...
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Hepatitis Types Causes Symptoms Diagnosis and Treatment Acute Viral Hepatitis Classification Types It is an acute systemic infection affecting the liver. Caused by: 1. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) 2. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) 3. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) 4. HBV associated delta hepatitis (HDV) 5. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) 6....
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Intestinal Obstruction Intestinal obstruction may be mechanical or non mechanical Mechanical obstruction may be adhesions, hernias, diverticulitis, carcinoma, regional enteritis, gall stone obstruction, intussusception. Non-mechanical may be neuromuscular disturbances leading to ileus. Obstruction may occur in small intestine or large intestine. Small intestine obstructions are due to adhesions and hernias....
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