RUBELLA OR GERMAN MEASLES and CHICKENPOX and SMALLPOX Causative agents Diagnosis Clinical Signs and Symptoms With Treatment

RUBELLA OR GERMAN MEASLES

• Acute mild infection of children.
• There is low grade fever, lymphadenopathy, maculo­papular rash, and arthritis in adults.
• In early pregnancy, rubella infection results in con­genital defects and even death of the fetus.

RUBELLA Causative agent

• RNA toga virus.

RUBELLA VIRUS OR GERMAN MEASLES virus

RUBELLA Source of infection

• · Clinical and subclinical cases of rubella.
• · Virus is transmitted from nose, throat secretion one week before rash to one week after rash.
• · The virus can cross the placenta leading to congenital rubella in the baby.

RUBELLA Period of infectivity

• A week before symptoms to a week after rash.
• One attack gives life-long immunity. Second attacks are rare.

RUBELLA Incubation period

• 10-20 days. Age: 3 to 15 years.

RUBELLA Rash

• · It is seen on the face within 24 hours.
• · Rashes are small, discrete, macular, spread to
• the trunk, arms and legs.
• · Disappears on third day.

RUBELLA Complications

• Arthralgia,
• encephalitis,
• thrombocy­topenic purpura.

CONGENITAL RUBELLA

• Infants born to mothers with rubella in pregnancy suffer from congenital rubella syndrome.
• Congenital defects are deafness, low birth weight, cardiac defects, cataracts, glaucoma, retinopathy, mi­crocephaly, mental retardation.
• In first trimester of pregnancy abortion can occur.

RUBELLA Vaccination

• · Active immunization with live attenuated vac­cine.
• · MMR vaccine consists of measles, mumps, ru­bella vaccine.
• · All children aged 1 to 14 years or preferably all i-year old children should be vaccinated.
• · All women of child bearing age (15 to 39 years) should be vaccinated if not already vaccinated.

CHICKENPOX  Diagnosis Clinical Signs and Symptoms

CHICKENPOX Caused by

• Varicella zoster virus.
• Characterized by vesicular rash, fever, malaise Chickenpox and Herpes zoster have same etiology.

CHICKENPOX VIRUS Clinical Signs and Symptoms

CHICKENPOX Source of infection –

• A case of chickenpox.

CHICKENPOX Infection occurs from

• skin lesions
• oropharyngeal secretions.
• Vesicular fluid spreads the virus during the first 3 days.
• Scabs are not infective

CHICKENPOX Period of infectivity –

• 2 days before rash to 4 days after rash.

CHICKENPOX Age

• Children under 10 years. Second attack is rare.

CHICKENPOXCongenital varicella

CHICKENPOX Congenital varicella

• Virus crosses placental bar­rier,
• infects the fetus called congenital varicella.

CHICKENPOX Incubation period –

• 14 days.

CHICKENPOX Clinical features –

• sudden onset fever,
• pain in the back,
• shivering,
• malaise.

CHICKENPOX Rash

• after 1 to 2 days.
• Rash is symmetrical, on trunk, face, arms, legs, mouth Palms and soles not affected.
• Vesicles have clear fluid and look like dew drops. Scabbing after 4 days.
• There is pleomorphism – all stages of rash seen to­gether.
• There are several crops of rash each time with fever.

CHICKENPOX Complications

• Haemorrhages,
• Pneumonia,
• Encephalitis.

CHICKENPOX Vaccine

• There is no need of vaccine as the disease does not occur after first attack and it is a mild illness.

SMALLPOX

SMALLPOX  Caused by

• Variola virus

Variola virus  SMALLPOX

SMALLPOX  Characterized by :

• · Fever of sudden onset
• · Headache, Backache
• · Vomiting
• · Convulsions
• On 3^rd day of fever – typical centrifugal rash, i.e. more peripherally, appears.

Stages of SMALLPOX  –

• macules,
• papules,
• vesicle,
• pustule,
• scab,
• scarring.
• Smallpox has been eradicated globally.