Agitation General View Agitation refers to a state of hyperarousal, increased tension, and irritability that can lead to confusion, hyperactivity, and overt hostility. It can arise gradually or suddenly and last for minutes or months Agitation alone merely signals a change in the patient’s condition. Whether it’s mild or severe,...
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Abdominal Rigidity General Signs and Symptoms Abdominal Rigidity [Abdominal Muscle Spasm, Involuntary Guarding] Distinguishing voluntary from involuntary abdominal rigidity is a must for accurate assessment. Review this comparison so that you can quickly tell the two apart. VOLUNTARY RIGIDITY • Usually symmetrical • More rigid on inspiration (expiration causes muscle...
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Thyrotoxic crisis or thyroid storm It is a life-threatening hyperthyroidism with fever, seizures, coma, vomiting, diarrhoea, jaundice. A rare but often life-threatening medical emergency resulting from untreated hyperthyroidism Death can occur due to cardiac failure, arrhythmias, hyperthermia. Thyrotoxic crisis Symptoms include : — and fingernails may separate from the nail...
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SECONDARY HYPERTENSION Secondary hypertension is the name given to the hypertension of which the cause is known, and can be corrected in many cases to cure the hypertension. Renal hypertension : This is due to either renal seretion of vasoactive compounds resulting in increased arteriolar tone or volume expansion due...
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Hypertension with Diabetes Hypertension with Pregnancy Early treatment of hypertension is particularly important in diabetic patients both to prevent cardiovascular disease and to minimize progression of renal disease and diabetic retinopathy The ADVANCE trial was designed to evaluate the effect of intensive blood pressure and glycemic control on cardiovascular disease. Risk...
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CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE means congenital heart disease with cyanosis and clubbing Due to high pulmonary vascular resistance in fetus, pulmonary blood flow is very low – only 20% of fetal circulation. CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE A frequently used mnemonic is the...
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Renin and Hypertension Low renin and High Renin essential hypertension Renin is enzyme secreted by juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney. Hypertensives can be low renin essential Hypertensives and high renin essential hypertensives. Low renin essential hypertension : 20% of patients of essential hypertension have low renin essential hypertension. When patients with...
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Pulmonary Edema Causes Diagnosis with Treatment Edema is defined as a palpable swelling produced by expansion of the interstitial fluid volume. When the left ventricle is not able to eject all the blood effectively there is pulmonary congestion, systemic hypoperfusion, and exudation of fluid and blood elements into the alveoli;...
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Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) ischemic heart disease (IHO) is a disease of the heart due to a deficiency of supply of blood, oxygen and nutrients to the heart. Ischemic heart disease occurs when there is imbalance between supply (of blood, oxygen, nutrients) and demand (increased demand, less supply). Ischemic Heart...
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Ischemia Types Effects of Ischemia, Myocardial ischemia(MI) ECG ,vertebrobasilar ischemia and other metabolic changes A temporary deficiency of blood flow to an organ or tissue, Normal muscle contraction and relaxation affected Angina pectoris has been considered the cardinal symptom of myocardial ischemia for more than two centuries. LVF (left...
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