Indications

Treatment of hypertension; nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients.

 Contraindications Standard considerations.

 Route/Dosage

Hypertension

Adults: PO Initial dose: 50 mg once/day; 25 mg once/day if volume depleted or history of hepatic impairment. Maintenance: 25 to 100 mg/day.

Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes

Adults: PO Initial dose: 50 mg once daily; the dose may be increased to 100 mg once daily based on BP response.

 Interactions

Lithium

Plasma concentrations may be increased by losartan, resulting in an increase in the pharmacologic and adverse effects of lithium.

 Lab Test Interferences None well documented.

 Adverse Reactions

CNS: Dizziness; insomnia. EENT: Nasal congestion. GI: Diarrhea; dyspepsia. RESPIRATORY: Cough; sinusitis. OTHER: Muscle cramps; myalgia; back pain; leg pain.

 Precautions

Pregnancy: Category D (second and third trimester); Category C (first trimester). Can cause injury or death to fetus if used during second or third trimester. Lactation: Undetermined. Children: Safety and efficacy in children younger than 18 yr not established. Renal function impairment: Use caution in treating patients whose renal function may depend on the activity of the renin-angiotension-aldosterone system (eg, patients with severe CHF). Hepatic function impairment: Losartan total plasma clearance is lower (50%) and total bioavailability is higher (2-fold) in patients with hepatic insufficiency as compared with healthy subjects. A lower initial dose is recommended for patients with a history of hepatic impairment. Hypotension/Volume-depleted patients: Symptomatic hypotension may occur after initiation of losartan in patients who are intravascularly volume depleted (eg, those treated with diuretics). Correct these conditions prior to administration of losartan or use a lower starting dose. African-Americans: Losartan may not be as effective in African-Americans.

 Administration/Storage

• Administer alone or in combination with other antihypertensives.
• Administer with caution and reduce dosage in patients with possible depletion of intravascular volume or a history of hepatic impairment.
• Can be administered with or without food.
• Do not administer to pregnant women as fetal and neonatal morbidity and death can occur.
• Safety has not been established for nursing infants and children.
• Store in tightly closed, light-resistant container at room temperature.

 Assessment/Interventions

• Obtain patient history.
• Monitor BP and pulse. Should hypotension, tachycardia, or bradycardia result, withhold the medication and notify the health care provider.
• Monitor for signs of hypersensitivity including angioedema involving swelling of the face, lips, and tongue.

 Patient/Family Education

• Instruct patient to take the medication as prescribed at the same time each day.
• Inform patient that losartan controls, but does not cure, hypertension.
• Caution patient to take the dose exactly as prescribed and not to stop taking the medication even if they feel better. Instruct patient not to decrease or increase the dosage.
• Instruct patient in BP and pulse measurement skills. Caution patient to call health care provider should abnormal measurements occur.
• Instruct patient in methods of fall prevention including rising slowly and sitting on the side of the bed before standing, especially early in therapy.
• Inform patient of the importance of adjunct therapies such as dietary planning, regular exercise program, weight reduction, low sodium diet, smoking cessation program, alcohol reduction, and stress management.
• Instruct patient to report symptoms of weakness, fatigue, dizziness, or lightheadedness to health care provider.
• Caution patient to notify health care provider or dentist prior to surgery or treatment.
• Caution women to contact health care provider if pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding.

Indications for Drugs ::

 Action Antagonizes the effect of angiotension II (vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion) by blocking the angiotensin II receptor (AT₁ receptor) in vascular smooth muscle and the adrenal gland, producing decreased BP.

 Indications

Treatment of hypertension; nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients.

 Contraindications Standard considerations.

 Route/Dosage

Hypertension

Adults: PO Initial dose: 50 mg once/day; 25 mg once/day if volume depleted or history of hepatic impairment. Maintenance: 25 to 100 mg/day.

Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes

Adults: PO Initial dose: 50 mg once daily; the dose may be increased to 100 mg once daily based on BP response.

 Interactions

Lithium

Plasma concentrations may be increased by losartan, resulting in an increase in the pharmacologic and adverse effects of lithium.

 Lab Test Interferences None well documented.

 Adverse Reactions

CNS: Dizziness; insomnia. EENT: Nasal congestion. GI: Diarrhea; dyspepsia. RESPIRATORY: Cough; sinusitis. OTHER: Muscle cramps; myalgia; back pain; leg pain.

 Precautions

Pregnancy: Category D (second and third trimester); Category C (first trimester). Can cause injury or death to fetus if used during second or third trimester. Lactation: Undetermined. Children: Safety and efficacy in children younger than 18 yr not established. Renal function impairment: Use caution in treating patients whose renal function may depend on the activity of the renin-angiotension-aldosterone system (eg, patients with severe CHF). Hepatic function impairment: Losartan total plasma clearance is lower (50%) and total bioavailability is higher (2-fold) in patients with hepatic insufficiency as compared with healthy subjects. A lower initial dose is recommended for patients with a history of hepatic impairment. Hypotension/Volume-depleted patients: Symptomatic hypotension may occur after initiation of losartan in patients who are intravascularly volume depleted (eg, those treated with diuretics). Correct these conditions prior to administration of losartan or use a lower starting dose. African-Americans: Losartan may not be as effective in African-Americans.

 Administration/Storage

• Administer alone or in combination with other antihypertensives.
• Administer with caution and reduce dosage in patients with possible depletion of intravascular volume or a history of hepatic impairment.
• Can be administered with or without food.
• Do not administer to pregnant women as fetal and neonatal morbidity and death can occur.
• Safety has not been established for nursing infants and children.
• Store in tightly closed, light-resistant container at room temperature.

 Assessment/Interventions

• Obtain patient history.
• Monitor BP and pulse. Should hypotension, tachycardia, or bradycardia result, withhold the medication and notify the health care provider.
• Monitor for signs of hypersensitivity including angioedema involving swelling of the face, lips, and tongue.

 Patient/Family Education

• Instruct patient to take the medication as prescribed at the same time each day.
• Inform patient that losartan controls, but does not cure, hypertension.
• Caution patient to take the dose exactly as prescribed and not to stop taking the medication even if they feel better. Instruct patient not to decrease or increase the dosage.
• Instruct patient in BP and pulse measurement skills. Caution patient to call health care provider should abnormal measurements occur.
• Instruct patient in methods of fall prevention including rising slowly and sitting on the side of the bed before standing, especially early in therapy.
• Inform patient of the importance of adjunct therapies such as dietary planning, regular exercise program, weight reduction, low sodium diet, smoking cessation program, alcohol reduction, and stress management.
• Instruct patient to report symptoms of weakness, fatigue, dizziness, or lightheadedness to health care provider.
• Caution patient to notify health care provider or dentist prior to surgery or treatment.
• Caution women to contact health care provider if pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding.

Drug Dose ::

 Action Antagonizes the effect of angiotension II (vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion) by blocking the angiotensin II receptor (AT₁ receptor) in vascular smooth muscle and the adrenal gland, producing decreased BP.

 Indications

Treatment of hypertension; nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients.

 Contraindications Standard considerations.

 Route/Dosage

Hypertension

Adults: PO Initial dose: 50 mg once/day; 25 mg once/day if volume depleted or history of hepatic impairment. Maintenance: 25 to 100 mg/day.

Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes

Adults: PO Initial dose: 50 mg once daily; the dose may be increased to 100 mg once daily based on BP response.

 Interactions

Lithium

Plasma concentrations may be increased by losartan, resulting in an increase in the pharmacologic and adverse effects of lithium.

 Lab Test Interferences None well documented.

 Adverse Reactions

CNS: Dizziness; insomnia. EENT: Nasal congestion. GI: Diarrhea; dyspepsia. RESPIRATORY: Cough; sinusitis. OTHER: Muscle cramps; myalgia; back pain; leg pain.

 Precautions

Pregnancy: Category D (second and third trimester); Category C (first trimester). Can cause injury or death to fetus if used during second or third trimester. Lactation: Undetermined. Children: Safety and efficacy in children younger than 18 yr not established. Renal function impairment: Use caution in treating patients whose renal function may depend on the activity of the renin-angiotension-aldosterone system (eg, patients with severe CHF). Hepatic function impairment: Losartan total plasma clearance is lower (50%) and total bioavailability is higher (2-fold) in patients with hepatic insufficiency as compared with healthy subjects. A lower initial dose is recommended for patients with a history of hepatic impairment. Hypotension/Volume-depleted patients: Symptomatic hypotension may occur after initiation of losartan in patients who are intravascularly volume depleted (eg, those treated with diuretics). Correct these conditions prior to administration of losartan or use a lower starting dose. African-Americans: Losartan may not be as effective in African-Americans.

 Administration/Storage

• Administer alone or in combination with other antihypertensives.
• Administer with caution and reduce dosage in patients with possible depletion of intravascular volume or a history of hepatic impairment.
• Can be administered with or without food.
• Do not administer to pregnant women as fetal and neonatal morbidity and death can occur.
• Safety has not been established for nursing infants and children.
• Store in tightly closed, light-resistant container at room temperature.

 Assessment/Interventions

• Obtain patient history.
• Monitor BP and pulse. Should hypotension, tachycardia, or bradycardia result, withhold the medication and notify the health care provider.
• Monitor for signs of hypersensitivity including angioedema involving swelling of the face, lips, and tongue.

 Patient/Family Education

• Instruct patient to take the medication as prescribed at the same time each day.
• Inform patient that losartan controls, but does not cure, hypertension.
• Caution patient to take the dose exactly as prescribed and not to stop taking the medication even if they feel better. Instruct patient not to decrease or increase the dosage.
• Instruct patient in BP and pulse measurement skills. Caution patient to call health care provider should abnormal measurements occur.
• Instruct patient in methods of fall prevention including rising slowly and sitting on the side of the bed before standing, especially early in therapy.
• Inform patient of the importance of adjunct therapies such as dietary planning, regular exercise program, weight reduction, low sodium diet, smoking cessation program, alcohol reduction, and stress management.
• Instruct patient to report symptoms of weakness, fatigue, dizziness, or lightheadedness to health care provider.
• Caution patient to notify health care provider or dentist prior to surgery or treatment.
• Caution women to contact health care provider if pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding.

Contraindication ::

 Action Antagonizes the effect of angiotension II (vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion) by blocking the angiotensin II receptor (AT₁ receptor) in vascular smooth muscle and the adrenal gland, producing decreased BP.

 Indications

Treatment of hypertension; nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients.

 Contraindications Standard considerations.

 Route/Dosage

Hypertension

Adults: PO Initial dose: 50 mg once/day; 25 mg once/day if volume depleted or history of hepatic impairment. Maintenance: 25 to 100 mg/day.

Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes

Adults: PO Initial dose: 50 mg once daily; the dose may be increased to 100 mg once daily based on BP response.

 Interactions

Lithium

Plasma concentrations may be increased by losartan, resulting in an increase in the pharmacologic and adverse effects of lithium.

 Lab Test Interferences None well documented.

 Adverse Reactions

CNS: Dizziness; insomnia. EENT: Nasal congestion. GI: Diarrhea; dyspepsia. RESPIRATORY: Cough; sinusitis. OTHER: Muscle cramps; myalgia; back pain; leg pain.

 Precautions

Pregnancy: Category D (second and third trimester); Category C (first trimester). Can cause injury or death to fetus if used during second or third trimester. Lactation: Undetermined. Children: Safety and efficacy in children younger than 18 yr not established. Renal function impairment: Use caution in treating patients whose renal function may depend on the activity of the renin-angiotension-aldosterone system (eg, patients with severe CHF). Hepatic function impairment: Losartan total plasma clearance is lower (50%) and total bioavailability is higher (2-fold) in patients with hepatic insufficiency as compared with healthy subjects. A lower initial dose is recommended for patients with a history of hepatic impairment. Hypotension/Volume-depleted patients: Symptomatic hypotension may occur after initiation of losartan in patients who are intravascularly volume depleted (eg, those treated with diuretics). Correct these conditions prior to administration of losartan or use a lower starting dose. African-Americans: Losartan may not be as effective in African-Americans.

 Administration/Storage

• Administer alone or in combination with other antihypertensives.
• Administer with caution and reduce dosage in patients with possible depletion of intravascular volume or a history of hepatic impairment.
• Can be administered with or without food.
• Do not administer to pregnant women as fetal and neonatal morbidity and death can occur.
• Safety has not been established for nursing infants and children.
• Store in tightly closed, light-resistant container at room temperature.

 Assessment/Interventions

• Obtain patient history.
• Monitor BP and pulse. Should hypotension, tachycardia, or bradycardia result, withhold the medication and notify the health care provider.
• Monitor for signs of hypersensitivity including angioedema involving swelling of the face, lips, and tongue.

 Patient/Family Education

• Instruct patient to take the medication as prescribed at the same time each day.
• Inform patient that losartan controls, but does not cure, hypertension.
• Caution patient to take the dose exactly as prescribed and not to stop taking the medication even if they feel better. Instruct patient not to decrease or increase the dosage.
• Instruct patient in BP and pulse measurement skills. Caution patient to call health care provider should abnormal measurements occur.
• Instruct patient in methods of fall prevention including rising slowly and sitting on the side of the bed before standing, especially early in therapy.
• Inform patient of the importance of adjunct therapies such as dietary planning, regular exercise program, weight reduction, low sodium diet, smoking cessation program, alcohol reduction, and stress management.
• Instruct patient to report symptoms of weakness, fatigue, dizziness, or lightheadedness to health care provider.
• Caution patient to notify health care provider or dentist prior to surgery or treatment.
• Caution women to contact health care provider if pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding.

Drug Precautions ::

 Action Antagonizes the effect of angiotension II (vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion) by blocking the angiotensin II receptor (AT₁ receptor) in vascular smooth muscle and the adrenal gland, producing decreased BP.

 Indications

Treatment of hypertension; nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients.

 Contraindications Standard considerations.

 Route/Dosage

Hypertension

Adults: PO Initial dose: 50 mg once/day; 25 mg once/day if volume depleted or history of hepatic impairment. Maintenance: 25 to 100 mg/day.

Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes

Adults: PO Initial dose: 50 mg once daily; the dose may be increased to 100 mg once daily based on BP response.

 Interactions

Lithium

Plasma concentrations may be increased by losartan, resulting in an increase in the pharmacologic and adverse effects of lithium.

 Lab Test Interferences None well documented.

 Adverse Reactions

CNS: Dizziness; insomnia. EENT: Nasal congestion. GI: Diarrhea; dyspepsia. RESPIRATORY: Cough; sinusitis. OTHER: Muscle cramps; myalgia; back pain; leg pain.

 Precautions

Pregnancy: Category D (second and third trimester); Category C (first trimester). Can cause injury or death to fetus if used during second or third trimester. Lactation: Undetermined. Children: Safety and efficacy in children younger than 18 yr not established. Renal function impairment: Use caution in treating patients whose renal function may depend on the activity of the renin-angiotension-aldosterone system (eg, patients with severe CHF). Hepatic function impairment: Losartan total plasma clearance is lower (50%) and total bioavailability is higher (2-fold) in patients with hepatic insufficiency as compared with healthy subjects. A lower initial dose is recommended for patients with a history of hepatic impairment. Hypotension/Volume-depleted patients: Symptomatic hypotension may occur after initiation of losartan in patients who are intravascularly volume depleted (eg, those treated with diuretics). Correct these conditions prior to administration of losartan or use a lower starting dose. African-Americans: Losartan may not be as effective in African-Americans.

 Administration/Storage

• Administer alone or in combination with other antihypertensives.
• Administer with caution and reduce dosage in patients with possible depletion of intravascular volume or a history of hepatic impairment.
• Can be administered with or without food.
• Do not administer to pregnant women as fetal and neonatal morbidity and death can occur.
• Safety has not been established for nursing infants and children.
• Store in tightly closed, light-resistant container at room temperature.

 Assessment/Interventions

• Obtain patient history.
• Monitor BP and pulse. Should hypotension, tachycardia, or bradycardia result, withhold the medication and notify the health care provider.
• Monitor for signs of hypersensitivity including angioedema involving swelling of the face, lips, and tongue.

 Patient/Family Education

• Instruct patient to take the medication as prescribed at the same time each day.
• Inform patient that losartan controls, but does not cure, hypertension.
• Caution patient to take the dose exactly as prescribed and not to stop taking the medication even if they feel better. Instruct patient not to decrease or increase the dosage.
• Instruct patient in BP and pulse measurement skills. Caution patient to call health care provider should abnormal measurements occur.
• Instruct patient in methods of fall prevention including rising slowly and sitting on the side of the bed before standing, especially early in therapy.
• Inform patient of the importance of adjunct therapies such as dietary planning, regular exercise program, weight reduction, low sodium diet, smoking cessation program, alcohol reduction, and stress management.
• Instruct patient to report symptoms of weakness, fatigue, dizziness, or lightheadedness to health care provider.
• Caution patient to notify health care provider or dentist prior to surgery or treatment.
• Caution women to contact health care provider if pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding.

Drug Side Effects ::

 Action Antagonizes the effect of angiotension II (vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion) by blocking the angiotensin II receptor (AT₁ receptor) in vascular smooth muscle and the adrenal gland, producing decreased BP.

 Indications

Treatment of hypertension; nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients.

 Contraindications Standard considerations.

 Route/Dosage

Hypertension

Adults: PO Initial dose: 50 mg once/day; 25 mg once/day if volume depleted or history of hepatic impairment. Maintenance: 25 to 100 mg/day.

Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes

Adults: PO Initial dose: 50 mg once daily; the dose may be increased to 100 mg once daily based on BP response.

 Interactions

Lithium

Plasma concentrations may be increased by losartan, resulting in an increase in the pharmacologic and adverse effects of lithium.

 Lab Test Interferences None well documented.

 Adverse Reactions

CNS: Dizziness; insomnia. EENT: Nasal congestion. GI: Diarrhea; dyspepsia. RESPIRATORY: Cough; sinusitis. OTHER: Muscle cramps; myalgia; back pain; leg pain.

 Precautions

Pregnancy: Category D (second and third trimester); Category C (first trimester). Can cause injury or death to fetus if used during second or third trimester. Lactation: Undetermined. Children: Safety and efficacy in children younger than 18 yr not established. Renal function impairment: Use caution in treating patients whose renal function may depend on the activity of the renin-angiotension-aldosterone system (eg, patients with severe CHF). Hepatic function impairment: Losartan total plasma clearance is lower (50%) and total bioavailability is higher (2-fold) in patients with hepatic insufficiency as compared with healthy subjects. A lower initial dose is recommended for patients with a history of hepatic impairment. Hypotension/Volume-depleted patients: Symptomatic hypotension may occur after initiation of losartan in patients who are intravascularly volume depleted (eg, those treated with diuretics). Correct these conditions prior to administration of losartan or use a lower starting dose. African-Americans: Losartan may not be as effective in African-Americans.

 Administration/Storage

• Administer alone or in combination with other antihypertensives.
• Administer with caution and reduce dosage in patients with possible depletion of intravascular volume or a history of hepatic impairment.
• Can be administered with or without food.
• Do not administer to pregnant women as fetal and neonatal morbidity and death can occur.
• Safety has not been established for nursing infants and children.
• Store in tightly closed, light-resistant container at room temperature.

 Assessment/Interventions

• Obtain patient history.
• Monitor BP and pulse. Should hypotension, tachycardia, or bradycardia result, withhold the medication and notify the health care provider.
• Monitor for signs of hypersensitivity including angioedema involving swelling of the face, lips, and tongue.

 Patient/Family Education

• Instruct patient to take the medication as prescribed at the same time each day.
• Inform patient that losartan controls, but does not cure, hypertension.
• Caution patient to take the dose exactly as prescribed and not to stop taking the medication even if they feel better. Instruct patient not to decrease or increase the dosage.
• Instruct patient in BP and pulse measurement skills. Caution patient to call health care provider should abnormal measurements occur.
• Instruct patient in methods of fall prevention including rising slowly and sitting on the side of the bed before standing, especially early in therapy.
• Inform patient of the importance of adjunct therapies such as dietary planning, regular exercise program, weight reduction, low sodium diet, smoking cessation program, alcohol reduction, and stress management.
• Instruct patient to report symptoms of weakness, fatigue, dizziness, or lightheadedness to health care provider.
• Caution patient to notify health care provider or dentist prior to surgery or treatment.
• Caution women to contact health care provider if pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding.

Drug Mode of Action ::  

 Action Antagonizes the effect of angiotension II (vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion) by blocking the angiotensin II receptor (AT₁ receptor) in vascular smooth muscle and the adrenal gland, producing decreased BP.