Nephrotic Syndrome Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria > 3 to 3.5 g / 24 hrs., Associated with many types of kidney disease hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia, Iipiduria, and hypercoagulability. Nephrotic syndrome is a disease of glomerular basement membrane, . podocyte-slit diaphragm. A condition marked by increased glomerular permeability to...
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Management of COPD Assess and monitor the disease Prevention of risk factors Treatment of COPO Treatment of exacerbations Diagnosis of COPD is considered in any patient with Chronic central cyanosis occurs in advanced stages of COPD and may be aggravated by exertion. Examination reveals wheezing and hyperresonant lung fields. cough,...
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Interstitial Lung Diseases A large group of diseases with different causes but with the same or similar clinical and pathological changes. The interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are diseases of lung parenchyma/ alveoli/ alveolar epithelium/ capillary endothelium/ and the spaces between These structures/ perivascular and Imphatic tissues. These are due to...
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism Pulmonary thromboembolism means the embolization and lodgment of thombi in the pulmonary vasculature. Predisposing factors PE refers to obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by material (eg, thrombus, tumor, air, or fat ) that originated elsewhere in the body. Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is...
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Pneumothorax Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment with emergency what is pneumothorax pneumothorax is presence of air in pleural space. The gas enters as the result of a perforation through the chest wall (e.g., due to traumatic or iatrogenic injury) or the pleura (e.g., from the rupture of an emphysematous bleb or...
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Pleural Effusion pleural fluid Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment The pleural space lies between the lung and the chest wall between the 2 layers of pleura, the visceral and parietal pleura. Normally there is a thin layer of fluid in the pleural space. Pleural effusion is said to be present when...
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Mediastinal Diseases The mediastinum is the region between the two pleural sacs i.e. the central portion of thorax. It is separated into 3 compartments. Anterior mediastinum contains the thymus, lymph nodes, internal mammary arteries and veins. The anterior compartment (also referred to as the anterosuperior compartment or retrosternal space)...
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Disorders of Ventilation ALVEOLAR HYPOVENTILATION When there is alveolar hypoventilation, arterial PC02 increases above the range of 37 – 43 mmHg. PaC02 may be 50 – 80 mmHg. The respiratory system is dependent upon a complex system of ventilatory control to ensure appropriate and adequate ventilation in order to supply...
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Sleep Disorders Disturbed sleep is one of the most common health problems. Average requirement of sleep is 7-8 hours per night. States and stages of sleep are defined by characteristic patterns in EEG (electro-encephalogram), EOG (Electrooculogram), EMG (Electromyogram) measured on the chin and neck. Polysomnography The continuous recording of...
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Respiratory Failure Respiratory failure is defined as inadequate gas exchange due to malfunction of one or more components of the respiratory system. Respiratory failure means: Hypoxaemia – P02 <60 mmHg, or y Hypercarbia – PC02 >45 mmHg. So, respiratory failure may be hypoxaemic, hypercarbic or combined. Hypoxemic respiratory failure is...
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