Diagnosis Systemic Sclerosis — Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis [SSc]) is a chronic disease of unknown cause characterized by diffuse fibrosis of skin and visceral organs and vascular abnormalities History Raynaud phenomenon is frequently the initial complaint. Skin thickening, “puffy hands,” and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are often noted early in the...
Read more
Sarcoidosis It is a chronic, multisystem disorder of unknown cause. chronic multisystem disease of unknown etiology, characterized by noncaseating (hard) granulomas and lymphocytic alveol, Sarcoidosis is a noninfectious, multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown cause, commonly affecting young and middle-aged adults. Almost any other organ may be involved, including liver, spleen,...
Read more
Disease of Joints and Musculoskeletal Disorders OSTEOARIRITIS Also called degenerative joint disease. Hip osteoarthritis is more common in men and small joints and knee OA is more common in women. There is damage to cartilage, remodeling and hypertrophy of bone. There is bone and muscle wasting. OSTEOARIRITIS Clinical Features ·...
Read more
Cirrhosis and COMPLICATIONS of CIRRHOSIS with Treatment Cirrhosis Cirrhosis means there is irreversible liver damage with extensive fibrosis, and formation of regenerative nodules. There is hepatocyte necrosis with nodular regeneration of liver parenchyma. characterized pathologically by liver scarring with loss of normal hepatic architecture and areas of ineffective regeneration Cirrhosis...
Read more
Biliary Cirrhosis (Primary and Secondary) Symptoms Diagnosis and Treatment BILIARY CIRRHOSIS Biliary cirrhosis occurs due to injury or prolonged obstruction of intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary system. There is destruction of liver cells and progressive fibrosis with biliary obstruction. In primary biliary cirrhosis there is intrahepatic bile ductules obstruction. progressive jaundice,...
Read more
Portal Hypertension Clinical Features Symptoms Diagnosis and Treatment Portal Hypertension Normal pressure in portal vein is 5-10 mmHg. Vascular resistance in hepatic sinusoids is low. Increased pressure in the portal vein caused by an obstruction of the flow of blood through the liver. Portal hypertension is found in diseases such...
Read more
VARICEAL BLEEDING Clinical features Diagnosis and Treatment VARICEAL BLEEDING It results from portal systemic venous collaterals when portal hypertension is more than 12 mmHg. Clinical features,: There is painless hematemesis, tachycardia and even shock. VARICEAL BLEEDING Differential diagnosis : Peptic ulcer and gastritis. Endoscopy is done for proper diagnosis. Variceal...
Read more
Pancreatitis (inflammatory disease of pancreas) Signs and Symptoms Diagnostic Tests Pancreatic Diseases Pancreatitis is inflammatory disease of pancreas Various presentations of Pancreatitis : · Hypertriglyceridemia · Vitamin B12 malsorption · Hypercalcemia · Hypocalcemia · Hyperglycemia · Ascites · Pleural effusion · Chronic abdominal pain. Pancreatitis Prognosis: Several techniques are used to...
Read more
How to Approach Patient of Liver Disease Approach Patient of Liver Disease Liver is the largest organ of the body weighing about 1 Kg. It is present in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen under the right lower rib cage and projects into the left upper quadrant. 20% of...
Read more
Hepatitis Types Causes Symptoms Diagnosis and Treatment Acute Viral Hepatitis Classification Types It is an acute systemic infection affecting the liver. Caused by: 1. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) 2. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) 3. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) 4. HBV associated delta hepatitis (HDV) 5. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) 6....
Read more