CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES General defects structural problem in the heart Acyanotic congenital heart diseases with normal or decreased pulmonary arterial blood flow (no shunt). Left sided HEART Malformations or structural problem in the heart Cardiac mal positions – Dextrocardia etc. Congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries .(CTGA). Coarctation of aorta Mitral...
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Examination and Investigations of CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE Collateral circulation / anastomoses in coarctation of aorta Examination of precordium : A systolic thrill may be felt in the suprasternal notch. There is a heaving left ventricular apical impulse due to pressure overload of LV....
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HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS Clinical features Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypersensitivity HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS (HP) It is also called extrinsic allergic alveolitisis an inflammatory disease of alveolar walls, and terminal airways caused by repeated exposure to organic agents in a susceptible person. It’s also called farmer’s lung, commonly due to the HP caused...
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Viral Diseases: Introduction This section discusses viral diseases caused by many type of viruses, those preventable by vaccines, and others causing distinct type of syndromes. Rickettsial illnesses and Kawasaki disease are also included. Disorders caused by hepatotropic viruses , €€papillomaviruses , and HIV (see Gynecology and Infectious Diseases: HIV ,...
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PRINZMETAL’S VARIANT ANGINA This is a syndrome of ischemic pain at rest and with ECG showing transient ST elevation. This sydrome is caused by spasm of coronary artery leading to severe ischemia. It may occur in patients who may not have any coronary artery stenosis. It is a kind of...
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Hypertension Hypertension is a serious disease which may be asymptomatic. According to JNC-7 normal blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg and a blood pressure equal to or more than 140 mmHg systolic and 90 mmHg diastolic is hypertension. Etiology is unknown in 90 – 95% cases. Greater than normal tension or...
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Risk factors for adverse prognosis in hypertension with Etiology Non-whites Youth (young) and Males Diastolic blood pressure consistently more than 115 mmHg Smoking and Alcoholism Diabetes mellitus Hypercholesterolemia Obesity End organ damage Cardiac enlargement ECG showing ischemia or LVH with strain pattern MI (myocardial infarction) 9< CHF (heart failure) Eyes –...
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Renin and Hypertension Low renin and High Renin essential hypertension Renin is enzyme secreted by juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney. Hypertensives can be low renin essential Hypertensives and high renin essential hypertensives. Low renin essential hypertension : 20% of patients of essential hypertension have low renin essential hypertension. When patients with...
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Pulmonary Edema Causes Diagnosis with Treatment Edema is defined as a palpable swelling produced by expansion of the interstitial fluid volume. When the left ventricle is not able to eject all the blood effectively there is pulmonary congestion, systemic hypoperfusion, and exudation of fluid and blood elements into the alveoli;...
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Dyslipidemias Causes Risk Factors Epidemiology Etiology It initiates atherosclerosis. It causes plaque formation. Alters endothelial functions. It enhances coagulability of blood. major classes of lipids are Chylomicrons Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) Intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) Low density lipoproteins (LDL) High density lipoproteins (HDL). Serum cholesterol >200 mg/dL (5.18 mmol/L):...
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