Dyslipidemia in diabetes Signs Management with Drugs for diabetic dyslipidemics Dyslipidemia in diabetes Hypertriglyceridemia Reduced HDL cholesterol Small dense LDL particles: Highly atherogenic Easily glycated Susceptible to oxidation. Management of Dyslipidemia in diabetes · Lipids should be aggressively treated · Hyperglycemia should be strictly managed Grave cardiovascular risk in dyslipidemic...
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Unstable Angina Pathophysiology Definition STEMI and NSTEMI Unstable Angina Patients with ischemic heart disease can be divided into two groups: Patients with stable angina due to chronic coronary artery disease Patients with acute coronary syndrome Stable angina pectoris is characterized by chest pain or discomfort radiating to left...
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Sinus venosus defect AII the features are same as ostium secundum except that P waves are inverted in inferior leads, and right hilum in chest X-ray shows dilatation of lower portion of superior vena cava where it joins the right atrium. In the adult, it is incorporated into the wall...
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Common atrioventricular canal defect or complete atrioventricular septal defect There is congestive heart failure in infancy. There may be cyanosis commonly. Isolated ASDs result from abnormal development of the septa that partition the common atrium of the developing heart into right and left chambers. There may be Down’s syndrome. There...
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Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) CLINICAL FEATURES General examination with Treatment There is a shunt from LV to RV due to a defect in the interventricular septum. VSD also occurs in combination with other congenital heart defects, as in an atrioventricular canal (AVC),transposition of the great arteries (D-TGA),tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)...
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Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) Complications Clinical features and Diagnosis The ductus normally closes at birth. When the ductus remains patent then a left-to-right shunt exists between the aorta to the pulmonary arery. The ductus is attached to the aorta just after he origin of the left subclavian artery. he ductus...
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Eisenmenger syndrome (ASD, VSD, PDA With PAH with reversal of shunt – Right-to–Ieft shunt) Eisenmenger described a syndrome in which pulmonary vascular disease developed in patients with a nonrestrictive ventricular septal defect, There is cyanosis, JVP is normal, there is no parasternal heave, palpable pulmonary trunk in left second intercostal...
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Fallot’s Tetralogy Clinical features of Fallot’s Tetralogy Symptoms Complications WITH Treatment it is the commonest congenital cyanotic heart disease. This congenital heart disease consists of ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, overriding of aorta and right ventricular hypertrophy. When there is moderate PS and small VSD, there is acyanotic Tetralogy of...
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Plain x-ray film The Basics of X-ray How X-ray works — Radiographic film before an image is taken is transparent and x-rays made it Darker by reactions, When a x-ray radiograph is taken,the X-rays reach the film and made it darken So , more X-rays reach an area of the...
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REGIME FOR MANAGEMENT OF AMI Twelve lead ECG is done. Or If there is ST elevation more than 1 mm in any lead or 2 mm in V1′ V2 , In comparison, fibrinolytic therapy has largely not been effective in patients with a non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI) then reperfusion...
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