Details Descriptions About :: Acute Renal Failure

 Acute renal failure, the sudden interruption of renal function, can be caused by obstruction, poor circulation, or underlying kidney disease. It may be prerenal, intrarenal, or postrenal in origin; it usually passes through three distinct phases: oliguric, diuretic, and recovery.

Causes for Acute Renal Failure

Causes Prerenal failure Arrhythmias, cardiac tamponade, cardiogenic shock, heart failure, myocardial infarction Burns, trauma, sepsis, tumor Dehydration, hypovolemic shock Diuretic overuse, antihypertensive drugs Hemorrhage, arterial embolism, arterial or venous thrombosis, vasculitis Disseminated intravascular coagulation Eclampsia, malignant hypertension Intrarenal failure Poorly treated prerenal failure Nephrotoxins Obstetric complications Crush injuries Myopathy Transfusion reaction Acute glomerulonephritis, acute interstitial nephritis, acute pyelonephritis, bilateral renal vein thrombosis, malignant nephrosclerosis, papillary necrosis Polyarteritis nodosa Renal myeloma Sickle cell disease Systemic lupus erythematosus Vasculitis Postrenal failure Bladder, ureteral, or urethral obstruction

Pathophysiology Acute Renal Failure

Pathophysiology Prerenal failure is caused by a condition that diminishes blood flow to the kidneys, leading to hypoperfusion. Hypoperfusion leads to hypoxemia, which can rapidly damage the kidney. The tubules are most susceptible to hypoxemia’s effect. The impaired blood flow results in decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and increased tubular reabsorption of sodium and water. Electrolye imbalances and metabolic acidosis result. Intrarenal failure, also called intrinsic or parenchymal renal failure, results from damage to the filtering structures of the kidneys. Nephrotoxicity or inflammation damage the delicate layer under the epithelium (basement membrane) and it becomes irreparibly damaged, leading to chronic renal failure. Use of nephrotoxins also causes acute renal failure because they accumulate in the renal cortex. Postrenal failure is a consequence of bilateral obstruction of urine outflow. The cause may be in the bladder, ureters, or urethra.

Signs and symptoms Acute Renal Failure

Signs and symptoms Oliguria or anuria Tachycardia and hypotension Dry mucous membranes and flat neck veins Lethargy Cool, clammy skin Progressive disease Edema Confusion GI symptoms Crackles Infection Seizures and coma Hematuria, petechiae, ecchymosis

Diagnostic Lab Test results

Diagnostic test results Blood studies show elevated blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and potassium levels; decreased bicarbonate level, hematocrit, and hemoglobin levels; and low blood pH. Urine studies show casts, cellular debris, and decreased specific gravity; in glomerular diseases, proteinuria and urine osmolality close to serum osmolality; urine sodium level less than 20 mEq/L if oliguria results from decreased perfusion and more than 40 mEq/L if the cause is intrarenal. Creatinine clearance test measures GFR and reflects the number of remaining functioning nephrons. Electrocardiogram (ECG) shows tall, peaked T waves; widening QRS complex; and disappearing P waves if hyperkalemia is present. Ultrasonography, plain films of the abdomen, kidney-ureter-bladder radiography, excretory urography, renal scan, retrograde pyelography, computed tomography scans, and nephrotomography are used to investigate the cause of renal failure.

Treatment for Acute Renal Failure

Treatment High-calorie diet low in protein, sodium, and potassium Electrolyte imbalance: I.V. fluids and electrolytes; hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis if needed; continuous renal replacement therapies Edema: fluid restriction Oliguria: diuretic therapy With mild hyperkalemic symptoms (malaise, anorexia, muscle weakness): sodium polystyrene sulfonate by mouth or enema With severe hyperkalemic symptoms (numbness and tingling and ECG changes): hypertonic glucose, insulin, and sodium bicarbonate I.V.

Disclaimer ::

The Information available on this site is for only Informational Purpose , before any use of this information please consult your Doctor .Price of the drugs indicated above may not match to real price due to many possible reasons may , including local taxes etc.. These are only approximate indicative prices of the drug.