All about Bacterial Infections Caused by Gram–Negative   with diagnosis Treatment Signs and symptoms

Bacterial Infections Caused by Gram–Negative   with diagnosis Treatment Signs and symptoms

Diseases cause by Gram-negative bacilli :

• These cause extra-intestinal infections commonly. These bacteria are Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus,
• Enterobacter, Serratia, Citrobacter, Morganella.
• Escherichia coli causes intestinal disease gastroen­teritis.
• Gram negative enteric bacteria can cause serious in­fections in nearly every organ and site e.g. lungs, deep tissues, mediastinum, UTI, blood stream, peri­toneum, soft tissue etc.

Treatment:

• Amoxycillin + Clavulanic acid,
• Piperacillin,
• Cephalosporins,
• Quinolones,
• Imipenem,
• Aminoglycosides.

Meningococcal Infectiondiagnosis Treatment Signs and symptoms

Meningococcal Infection–

• Meningococcal meningitis and fulminant meningococcemia are caused by Neisseria meningitidis, also called meningococci. -+ Penicillin + clavulanic
• Meningococci also cause pneumonia, septic arthritis, losporins, Quinolones. pericarditis, urethritis, conjunctivitis .
• Meningococci are Gram-ve diplococci.
• :rhe disease spreads by respiratory secretions.

Treatment:

• Cefotaxime – 2 gm IV every 4 hours or Ceftriaxone 2 gm IV 12 hourly.
• Penicillin G 18 – 24 million units IV / day.
• Meropenem – 1 gm IV 8 hrly.
• Fluoroquinolones like gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin.

Prevention:

• Single injection of quadrivalent meningococcal vac­cine above age of 3 years.
• The duration of immunity is about 3 – 5 years only.

Chemoprophylaxis:

• Close contact of cases must receive ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin, or azithromycin.

HEMOPHILUS INFECTIONS diagnosis Treatment Signs and symptoms

HEMOPHILUS INFECTIONS

• Hemophilus influenzae is gram-negative organism of variable shape, therefore called coccobacillus. It
• causes respiratory diseases, community-acquired bacterial pneumonia, especially in COPD and AIDS.
• The most serious disease it can cause is meningitis (H. influenzae type B – HiB).

Treatment:

• Ceftriaxone – 2 g 12 hrly.
• Cefotaxime – 2 g 6 hrly.
• For me’ningitis, glucocorticoids are added to re­duce neurologic sequelae.
• Vaccination and chemoprophylaxis are also rec­ommended.

MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS

• This is a gram-negative coccus causing otitis media, si nusitis, bronchopu Imonary infections.
• It is also called Neisseria.

Treatment –

Penicillin + clavulanic acid, 3rd generation cephalosporins, quinolones.