Mechanical Ventilatory Support Ventilators are special pumps to support ventilatory function of the respiratory system and improve oxygenation by providing high oxygen and positive pressure. Indications Hypoxaemic respiratory failure : arterial oxygen saturation (Sa02) less than 90% inspite of inspired oxygen fraction FI02 > 0.6. Causes Pneumonia Pulmonary edema ARDS,...
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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ARDS There is lung injury manifested as increased permeability of alveolar capillary membrane, diffuse alveolar damage, proteinaceous pulmonary edema. Age: ARDS or Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome may occur in children or adults. Syndrome characterized by abrupt onset of diffuse lung injury with severe hypoxemia and bilateral...
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Respiratory Failure Respiratory failure is defined as inadequate gas exchange due to malfunction of one or more components of the respiratory system. Respiratory failure means: Hypoxaemia – P02 <60 mmHg, or y Hypercarbia – PC02 >45 mmHg. So, respiratory failure may be hypoxaemic, hypercarbic or combined. Hypoxemic respiratory failure is...
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Sleep Disorders Disturbed sleep is one of the most common health problems. Average requirement of sleep is 7-8 hours per night. States and stages of sleep are defined by characteristic patterns in EEG (electro-encephalogram), EOG (Electrooculogram), EMG (Electromyogram) measured on the chin and neck. Polysomnography The continuous recording of...
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Disorders of Ventilation ALVEOLAR HYPOVENTILATION When there is alveolar hypoventilation, arterial PC02 increases above the range of 37 – 43 mmHg. PaC02 may be 50 – 80 mmHg. The respiratory system is dependent upon a complex system of ventilatory control to ensure appropriate and adequate ventilation in order to supply...
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Mediastinal Diseases The mediastinum is the region between the two pleural sacs i.e. the central portion of thorax. It is separated into 3 compartments. Anterior mediastinum contains the thymus, lymph nodes, internal mammary arteries and veins. The anterior compartment (also referred to as the anterosuperior compartment or retrosternal space)...
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Pleural Effusion pleural fluid Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment The pleural space lies between the lung and the chest wall between the 2 layers of pleura, the visceral and parietal pleura. Normally there is a thin layer of fluid in the pleural space. Pleural effusion is said to be present when...
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Pneumothorax Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment with emergency what is pneumothorax pneumothorax is presence of air in pleural space. The gas enters as the result of a perforation through the chest wall (e.g., due to traumatic or iatrogenic injury) or the pleura (e.g., from the rupture of an emphysematous bleb or...
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism Pulmonary thromboembolism means the embolization and lodgment of thombi in the pulmonary vasculature. Predisposing factors PE refers to obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by material (eg, thrombus, tumor, air, or fat ) that originated elsewhere in the body. Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is...
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Interstitial Lung Diseases A large group of diseases with different causes but with the same or similar clinical and pathological changes. The interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are diseases of lung parenchyma/ alveoli/ alveolar epithelium/ capillary endothelium/ and the spaces between These structures/ perivascular and Imphatic tissues. These are due to...
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