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MEDICAL

DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS 2

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Acute Complications Of Diabetes Mellitus

ACUTE COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS (DKA) DKA is characterized by the triad of hyperglycemia, anion gap metabolic acidosis, and ketonemia. Metabolic acidosis is often the major finding. The serum glucose concentration is usually greater than 500 mg/dL (27.8 mmol/L) and less than 800 mg/dL (44.4 mmol/L)  . However, serum glucose concentrations may exceed 900 mg/dL [...]
May 1, 0
metabolic Syndrome X

Metabolic,Insulin Resistance Syndrome X Causes Symptoms

INSULIN RESISTANCE SYNDROMES or Syndrome X Overview (metabolic syndrome)- consists of : Insulin resistance Hypertension Dyslipidemias Obesity – central Endothelial dysfunction Accelerated cardiovascular disease. The co-occurrence of metabolic risk factors for both type 2 diabetes and CVD (abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemias, and hypertension) suggested the existence of a “metabolic syndrome”  . A similar profile can [...]
April 30, 0
Diabetes mellitus Types,Causes,Symptoms and Diagnosis

Diabetes mellitus Types,Causes,Symptoms and Diagnosis

Diabetes mellitus Overview Types Causes,Symptoms with Diagnosis Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders with hyperglycemia. Glucose intolerance is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in glucose and fat metabolism. Overt diabetes is classified as type 1 (T1DM), type 2 (T2DM), and gestational (GDM) A chronic metabolic disorder marked by hyperglycemia. Diabetes mellitus (DM) [...]
April 30, 0
Adrenal Gland

LABORATORY TESTS FOR ADRENAL FUNCTIONS

LABORATORY TESTS FOR ADRENAL FUNCTION · Tests of pituitary adrenal responsiveness. · Suppression tests -are measurement of target hormone response after suppression of its tropic hormone. · Stimulation tests · Plasma ‘Levels of ACTH and angiotensin II. · Measurement of urinary free cortisol · Measurement of urinary creatinine · Measurement of plasma and urinary level [...]
January 20, 0
THYROTOXICOSIS 1

Hyperthyroidism or THYROTOXICOSIS Causes, Symptoms and Diagnosis

Thyrotoxicosis is a state of thyroid hormone excess. Hyperthyroidism is excessive thyroid function. Hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis defines a spectrum of clinical findings consistent with thyroid hormone excess. Causes of Thyrotoxicosis Primary hyperthyroidism · Grave’s disease · Toxic multinodular goitre · Toxic adenoma · Thyroid carcinoma · Iodine excess (Jod-Basedow phenomenon) · Subacute thyroiditis · Drugs [...]
June 30, 0
Thyroid Disorders

Thyroid Disorders Examination and Laboratory tests

Thyroid Disorders Thyroid gland produces 2 hormones – Thyroxine or T4 and Triiodothyronine or T3. Functions of the thyroid hormones are: · They help in cell differentiation · Maintain temperature and metabolism. Disorders of Thyroid are due to 1. Overproduction ofthyroid hormone – Thyrotoxi­cosis 2. Decreased production of thyroid hormone – Hy­pothyroidism 3. Thyroid -nodules [...]
May 29, 0
Body Dosha

Some Important Values-Ideal Body Values

Some Important Values- Ideal Body Weight, Body Surface Area, Alveolar-Arterial Gradient, Creatinine Clearance Ideal Body Weight Most healthy infants and children grow in a predictable fashion, following a typical pattern of progression in weight, length, and head circumference. Growth velocity, the change in growth over time, is a more sensitive index of growth than is [...]
January 21, 0
HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION 32

HYPER ACIDITY Caused by H.pylori Gram-Negative diagnosis Treatment Signs and symptoms

All about Bacterial Infections Caused by  HELICOBACTER PYLORI  Gram-Negative HELICOBACTER PYLORI with diagnosis Treatment Signs and symptoms HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION A motile, spiral, gram-negative bacterium that causes peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. It is treated with combined antibiotics and agents to block gastric acid secretion Helicobacter pylori, also known as H. pylori, is a bacterium that [...]
December 23, 1
Sepsis (Septic Shock)

Sepsis (Septic Shock) Clinical Manifestation Complications with Laboratory Findings

Sepsis (Septic Shock) CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS There is some primary infection or disease. Mild sepsis chan,ges to severe, and to septic shock. Patient may be hormo, hypo or hyper thermic i.e. fever normal, low or high Fever is absent in neonates, elderly, alcoholics and in uremia.   Hyperventilation is early sign. Then there is disorientation, confusion, encephalopathy. [...]
December 11, 0
Pneumonia2

Pneumonia Signs and Symptoms Pathophysiology Types of Pneumonia

Pneumonia Signs and Symptoms Pathophysiology Types of Pneumonia clinical presentation of childhood pneumonia often is dictated by the responsible pathogen, the particular host, and the severity of the pneumonia. Inflammation of the lungs, usually due to infection with bacteria, viruses, or other pathogenic organisms. Clinically, the term “pneumonia” is used to indicate an infectious disease [...]
November 12, 0
HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS 2

HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS Clinical features Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypersensitivity

HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS Clinical features Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypersensitivity HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS (HP) It is also called extrinsic allergic alveolitisis an inflammatory disease of alveolar walls, and terminal airways caused by repeated exposure to organic agents in a susceptible person. It’s also called farmer’s lung, commonly due to the HP caused by moldy hay. Usually the [...]
October 31, 0

DIAGNOSIS and Investigations OF SECONDARY HYPERTENSION

DIAGNOSIS OF SECONDARY HYPERTENSION with Investigations nursing diagnosis for high blood pressure secondary hypertension differential diagnosis diagnosis high blood pressure Age of patients of secondary hypertension may be <25 or >50 years. Phaeochromoc toma and renovascular hypertensiof.l are t e likel causes. In phaeochromocytoma there is anxiety, headache, weight loss, hyperglycemia, palpitations and sweat­ing. In [...]
September 19, 0
2D echocardiography 1

CARDIAC IMAGING echocardiography 2D Echo

CARDIAC IMAGING Very useful.   2D Echo RV infarction: diagnosed by Echo Ventricular aneurysm Pericardial effusion y LV thrombus Wall motion abnormalities are seen Old scars can also cause WMA Decreased LV function is indication for ACE in­hibitor VSD MR is diagnosed easily.   dobutamine stress echocardiography: noninvasive test for coronary artery disease in which [...]
July 31, 2
Acute Myocardial Infarction 1

CARDIAC MARKERS IN MI, AMI and Myocardial Injury

CARDIAC MARKERS IN MI Serum proteins released in blood from necrotic heart muscles after AMI are called serum markers .   Creatinine phosphokinase (CK) Rises in 4 – 8 hours. Returns to normal in 48 – 72 hours.   CK increased in : IM injections Stroke Surgery Trauma Skeletal muscle diseases Electrical cardioversion Hypothyroidism Convulsions, [...]
July 31, 0
PRESENTATIONSOFIHD1_thumb.jpg

Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND PHYSICAL FINDINGS

CLINICAL PRESENTATION Acute Myocardial Infarction is precipitated by exer­tion, exercise, emotional stress, medical and surgical disease and interventions. Circadian variation – AMI is more common in early morning hours due to increase in sympathetic tone and increased thrombolytic tendency from 4 to 12 AM. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the rapid development of myocardial necrosis [...]
July 30, 0