Mechanical Ventilatory Support Ventilators are special pumps to support ventilatory function of the respiratory system and improve oxygenation by providing high oxygen and positive pressure. Indications Hypoxaemic respiratory failure : arterial oxygen saturation (Sa02) less than 90% inspite of inspired oxygen fraction FI02 > 0.6. Causes Pneumonia Pulmonary edema ARDS,...
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Cardiac Arrest Death is an irreversible cessation (stoppage) of all biologic functions. Cardiac arrest is an abrupt cessation of cardiac pump function which may be reversible by prompt intervention; otherwise it leads to certain death. Cardiac arrest is due to ventricular fibrillation in 80% of cases. Rest are due to...
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Sepsis (Septic Shock) Prognosis Prevention TREATMENT TREATMENT Sepsis (Septic Shock) Admit in ICU Treat local site of infection Monitor hemodynamics. Sepsis is a clinical syndrome characterized by systemic inflammation due to infection. There is a continuum of severity ranging from sepsis to severe sepsis and septic shock. Antimicrobial therapy in...
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Acute Renal Failure (ARF) Acute renal failure due to intratubular crystal precipitation can be seen in a variety of clinical settings, the most common being acute uric acid nephropathy Acute renal failure (ARF) is defined as a sudden decrease of normal kidney function that compromises the normal renal regulation of...
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Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) OR CRD/CKD Chronic renal disease is a destruction of nephrons of the kidneys due to several causes. The damage to renal structure and function is irr versib This results in uremia which leads to dysfunction of several organs. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as kidney...
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Management of COPD Assess and monitor the disease Prevention of risk factors Treatment of COPO Treatment of exacerbations Diagnosis of COPD is considered in any patient with Chronic central cyanosis occurs in advanced stages of COPD and may be aggravated by exertion. Examination reveals wheezing and hyperresonant lung fields. cough,...
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Interstitial Lung Diseases A large group of diseases with different causes but with the same or similar clinical and pathological changes. The interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are diseases of lung parenchyma/ alveoli/ alveolar epithelium/ capillary endothelium/ and the spaces between These structures/ perivascular and Imphatic tissues. These are due to...
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism Pulmonary thromboembolism means the embolization and lodgment of thombi in the pulmonary vasculature. Predisposing factors PE refers to obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by material (eg, thrombus, tumor, air, or fat ) that originated elsewhere in the body. Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is...
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Pneumothorax Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment with emergency what is pneumothorax pneumothorax is presence of air in pleural space. The gas enters as the result of a perforation through the chest wall (e.g., due to traumatic or iatrogenic injury) or the pleura (e.g., from the rupture of an emphysematous bleb or...
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Pleural Effusion pleural fluid Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment The pleural space lies between the lung and the chest wall between the 2 layers of pleura, the visceral and parietal pleura. Normally there is a thin layer of fluid in the pleural space. Pleural effusion is said to be present when...
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