Mediastinal Diseases The mediastinum is the region between the two pleural sacs i.e. the central portion of thorax. It is separated into 3 compartments. Anterior mediastinum contains the thymus, lymph nodes, internal mammary arteries and veins. The anterior compartment (also referred to as the anterosuperior compartment or retrosternal space)...
Read more
Disorders of Ventilation ALVEOLAR HYPOVENTILATION When there is alveolar hypoventilation, arterial PC02 increases above the range of 37 – 43 mmHg. PaC02 may be 50 – 80 mmHg. The respiratory system is dependent upon a complex system of ventilatory control to ensure appropriate and adequate ventilation in order to supply...
Read more
Respiratory Failure Respiratory failure is defined as inadequate gas exchange due to malfunction of one or more components of the respiratory system. Respiratory failure means: Hypoxaemia – P02 <60 mmHg, or y Hypercarbia – PC02 >45 mmHg. So, respiratory failure may be hypoxaemic, hypercarbic or combined. Hypoxemic respiratory failure is...
Read more
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ARDS There is lung injury manifested as increased permeability of alveolar capillary membrane, diffuse alveolar damage, proteinaceous pulmonary edema. Age: ARDS or Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome may occur in children or adults. Syndrome characterized by abrupt onset of diffuse lung injury with severe hypoxemia and bilateral...
Read more
Ebstein’s anomaly of the tricuspid valve Ebstein’s anomaly Physical examination with Clinical features Ebsetin’s anomaly of the tricuspid valve is a congenital heart disease in which the tricuspid valve is placed at a lower level so that there is atrialization of the rigFit ventricle. A congenital heart condition resulting from...
Read more
Ostium Primum ASD (Inter atrial communication) The opening in the first septum of the embryonic heart; it closes as the ventricles form. There is right to left shunt and mitral valve regurgitation. Symptoms occur in childhood itself with congestive heart failure and retarded growth and development. There is atrial fibrillation...
Read more
PULMONARY INFILTRATES WITH EOSINOPHILIA Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis called eosinophilic pneumonias Characterized by eosinophilic infiltrates in lungs and Increased eosinophilic count in peripheral blood. Characterized by eosinophilic lung infiltrates, with or without peripheral blood eosinophilia Chronic or prolonged pulmonary eosinophilia Churg-Strauss syndrome (polyarteritis nodosa) or allergic angiitis: A rare necrotizing small-vessel vasculitis...
Read more
HYPEREOSINOPHILIC SYNDROME Differential History ,Diagnosis ,Pathophysiology ,Treatment Of HYPEREOSINOPHILIC SYNDROME A persistently elevated eosinophil count >1,500 cells/µL for at least 6 months Eosinophil-induced end-organ damage Exclusion of other causes (e.g., parasitic infection, allergy, malignancy, collagen-vascular disease) Almost any organ can be affected, but most patients have bone marrow, cardiac,...
Read more
Environmental Lung Diseases (Pneumoconiosis) Invironmental lung diseases are certain pulmonary diseases for which environmental exposure or occupational conditions are responsible. asbestos lung, asbestos lung cancer, asbestos lung disease, asbestos lung mesothelioma, Mineral dust may give rise to restrictive lung diseases. There may be bronchial asthma called occupational asthma in which there is obstructive...
Read more
COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA community-acquired pneumonia: Pneumonia occurring in outpatients, often caused by infection with streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and atypical organisms. Mortality is approximately 15% but depends on many host and pathogen features History COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA Cough, fever, dyspnea, chills Chest pain (pleuritic or nonpleuritic) Thick, yellow-green, bloody...
Read more